来自Perl，我肯定错过了在源代码中创建多行字符串的“here-document”方法:
$string = <<"EOF" # create a three-line string
text
text
text
EOF
在Java中，当我从头开始连接多行字符串时，我必须在每一行上使用繁琐的引号和加号。
有什么更好的选择吗?在属性文件中定义我的字符串?
编辑:有两个答案说StringBuilder.append()比加号更可取。谁能详细解释一下他们为什么这么想?在我看来，这一点也不可取。我正在寻找一种方法来解决多行字符串不是一级语言结构这一事实，这意味着我绝对不想用方法调用取代一级语言结构(字符串连接与加号)。
编辑:为了进一步澄清我的问题，我根本不关心性能。我关心的是可维护性和设计问题。
String newline = System.getProperty ("line.separator");
string1 + newline + string2 + newline + string3
但是，最好的替代方法是使用String.format
String multilineString = String.format("%s\n%s\n%s\n",line1,line2,line3);
你可以在一个单独的方法中连接你的追加:
public static String multilineString(String... lines){
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for(String s : lines){
sb.append(s);
sb.append ('\n');
}
return sb.toString();
}
无论哪种方式，都更喜欢StringBuilder而不是加号符号。
如果你在属性文件中定义字符串，它看起来会更糟糕。IIRC，它看起来像:
string:text\u000atext\u000atext\u000a
一般来说，在源代码中不嵌入大字符串是一个合理的想法。您可能希望将它们作为资源加载，可能以XML或可读的文本格式加载。文本文件可以在运行时读取，也可以编译成Java源代码。如果你最终把它们放在源代码中，我建议把+放在前面，省略不必要的新行:
final String text = ""
+"text "
+"text "
+"text"
;
如果你有新的行，你可能需要一些join或格式化方法:
final String text = join("\r\n"
,"text"
,"text"
,"text"
);
一个非常高效且与平台无关的解决方案是使用系统属性的行分隔符和StringBuilder类来构建字符串:
String separator = System.getProperty("line.separator");
String[] lines = {"Line 1", "Line 2" /*, ... */};
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(lines[0]);
for (int i = 1; i < lines.length(); i++) {
builder.append(separator).append(lines[i]);
}
String multiLine = builder.toString();
注意:这个答案适用于Java 14及以上版本。
Java 15引入了文本块(多行文字)。详情请看这个答案。
听起来像是要做一个多行文字，这在Java中是不存在的。
你最好的选择是用+ d组合的字符串。人们提到的一些其他选项(StringBuilder, String。format, String.join)只有当你从一个字符串数组开始时才更可取。
考虑一下:
String s = "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times,\n"
+ "it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness,\n"
+ "it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity,\n"
+ "it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness,\n"
+ "it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair,\n"
+ "we had everything before us, we had nothing before us";
与StringBuilder:
String s = new StringBuilder()
.append("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times,\n")
.append("it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness,\n")
.append("it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity,\n")
.append("it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness,\n")
.append("it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair,\n")
.append("we had everything before us, we had nothing before us")
.toString();
与String.format ():
String s = String.format("%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n%s"
, "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times,"
, "it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness,"
, "it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity,"
, "it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness,"
, "it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair,"
, "we had everything before us, we had nothing before us"
);
相对于Java8 String.join():
String s = String.join("\n"
, "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times,"
, "it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness,"
, "it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity,"
, "it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness,"
, "it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair,"
, "we had everything before us, we had nothing before us"
);
如果您想在特定的系统中使用换行符，您要么需要使用system . lineseparator()，要么可以在String.format中使用%n。
另一种选择是将资源放在文本文件中，只读取该文件的内容。对于非常大的字符串，这将是可取的，以避免不必要地膨胀您的类文件。
遗憾的是，Java没有多行字符串字面量。您要么必须连接字符串字面量(使用+或StringBuilder是最常见的两种方法)，要么从单独的文件中读取字符串。
对于大的多行字符串文字，我倾向于使用一个单独的文件，并使用getResourceAsStream() (Class类的一个方法)读取它。这使得查找文件变得很容易，因为您不必担心当前目录与代码安装的位置。它还使打包更容易，因为您实际上可以将文件存储在jar文件中。
假设你在一个名为Foo的类中。就像这样做:
Reader r = new InputStreamReader(Foo.class.getResourceAsStream("filename"), "UTF-8");
String s = Utils.readAll(r);
另一个烦恼是Java没有标准的“将这个Reader中的所有文本读入字符串”方法。写起来很简单:
public static String readAll(Reader input) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
char[] buffer = new char[4096];
int charsRead;
while ((charsRead = input.read(buffer)) >= 0) {
sb.append(buffer, 0, charsRead);
}
input.close();
return sb.toString();
}
加号被转换为StringBuilder。除非两个字符串都是常量，以便编译器可以在编译时将它们组合在一起。至少，Sun的编译器是这样的，我怀疑大多数(如果不是所有)其他编译器也会这样做。
So:
String a="Hello";
String b="Goodbye";
String c=a+b;
通常生成完全相同的代码:
String a="Hello";
String b="Goodbye":
StringBuilder temp=new StringBuilder();
temp.append(a).append(b);
String c=temp.toString();
另一方面:
String c="Hello"+"Goodbye";
等于:
String c="HelloGoodbye";
也就是说，为了可读性，在多行中使用加号将字符串字面量分开并不会受到惩罚。
当使用一长串的+时，只会创建一个StringBuilder，除非在编译时确定String，在这种情况下不使用StringBuilder !
StringBuilder唯一更高效的情况是使用多个语句构造String。
String a = "a\n";
String b = "b\n";
String c = "c\n";
String d = "d\n";
String abcd = a + b + c + d;
System.out.println(abcd);
String abcd2 = "a\n" +
"b\n" +
"c\n" +
"d\n";
System.out.println(abcd2);
注意:只创建了一个StringBuilder。
Code:
0: ldc #2; //String a\n
2: astore_1
3: ldc #3; //String b\n
5: astore_2
6: ldc #4; //String c\n
8: astore_3
9: ldc #5; //String d\n
11: astore 4
13: new #6; //class java/lang/StringBuilder
16: dup
17: invokespecial #7; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
20: aload_1
21: invokevirtual #8; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
24: aload_2
25: invokevirtual #8; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
28: aload_3
29: invokevirtual #8; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
32: aload 4
34: invokevirtual #8; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
37: invokevirtual #9; //Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
40: astore 5
42: getstatic #10; //Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
45: aload 5
47: invokevirtual #11; //Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
50: ldc #12; //String a\nb\nc\nd\n
52: astore 6
54: getstatic #10; //Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
57: aload 6
59: invokevirtual #11; //Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
62: return
为了进一步澄清我的问题，我根本不关心性能。我关心的是可维护性和设计问题。
尽你所能让它清晰简单。
一个简单的选择是使用SciTE (http://www.scintilla.org/SciTEDownload.html)这样的编辑器编辑java代码，它允许您对文本进行WRAP，以便容易地查看和编辑长字符串。如果你需要转义字符，你只需输入它们。通过关闭“换行”选项，您可以检查字符串是否仍然是一个很长的单行字符串。当然，如果不是，编译器也会告诉你。
Eclipse或NetBeans是否支持编辑器中的文本包装，我不知道，因为它们有太多的选项。但如果没有，这将是一个很好的补充。
这是你不应该在不考虑它在做什么的情况下使用的东西。但对于一次性脚本，我已经成功地使用了这个方法:
例子:
System.out.println(S(/*
This is a CRAZY " ' ' " multiline string with all sorts of strange
characters!
*/));
代码:
// From: http://blog.efftinge.de/2008/10/multi-line-string-literals-in-java.html
// Takes a comment (/**/) and turns everything inside the comment to a string that is returned from S()
public static String S() {
StackTraceElement element = new RuntimeException().getStackTrace()[1];
String name = element.getClassName().replace('.', '/') + ".java";
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
String line = null;
InputStream in = classLoader.getResourceAsStream(name);
String s = convertStreamToString(in, element.getLineNumber());
return s.substring(s.indexOf("/*")+2, s.indexOf("*/"));
}
// From http://www.kodejava.org/examples/266.html
private static String convertStreamToString(InputStream is, int lineNum) {
/*
* To convert the InputStream to String we use the BufferedReader.readLine()
* method. We iterate until the BufferedReader return null which means
* there's no more data to read. Each line will appended to a StringBuilder
* and returned as String.
*/
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is));
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
String line = null; int i = 1;
try {
while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
if (i++ >= lineNum) {
sb.append(line + "\n");
}
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
try {
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
return sb.toString();
}
我还没有看到的另一个答案是java.io.PrintWriter。
StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(stringWriter);
writer.println("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times");
writer.println("it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness,");
writer.println("it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity,");
writer.println("it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness,");
writer.println("it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair,");
writer.println("we had everything before us, we had nothing before us");
String string = stringWriter.toString();
此外，java.io.BufferedWriter有一个newLine()方法的事实也未被提及。
当我读到多行语法确实是为jdk7计划的(在java存在了多少年之后?)时，我有点恼火。有趣的是，甚至还没有readAll()函数用于读取文件的完整内容(仅从jdk7读取，啊啊)，因此下面的代码读取单行。
/*
MakeMultiline v1.0 (2010) - Free to use and copy.
Small gadget to turn text blobs into one java string literal
(doing the split in lines, adding \n at each end and enclosing
in double quotes). Does escape quotes encountered in the text blob.
Useful for working around missing multiline string syntax in java
prior jdk7. Use with:
java MakeMultiline " "
or
java MakeMultiline " " mytextfile.txt
*/
import java.io.*;
class MakeMultiline {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// args[0]: indent
// args[1]: filename to read (optional; stdin if not given)
// Beware the nmb of newlines at the end when using stdin!
String indent = (args.length > 0 ? args[0] : "");
FileReader fr = null; BufferedReader br;
if (args.length > 1)
{ fr = new FileReader(args[1]); br = new BufferedReader(fr); }
else
{ br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); }
String s; String res = "";
while((s = br.readLine()) != null) {
if (res.length() > 0) res += " +\n";
res += indent + "\"" + s.replace("\"", "\\\"") + "\\n\"";
}
br.close(); if (fr != null) fr.close();
System.out.println(res + ";");
}
catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println("Exception: " + e);
}
}
}
这对我来说是最快的解决办法。(2010-01-27)
我建议使用ThomasP所建议的实用程序，然后将其链接到构建过程中。仍然存在一个外部文件以包含文本，但在运行时不读取该文件。 工作流程如下:
构建一个“文本文件到java代码”实用程序并检查到版本控制 在每次构建时，针对资源文件运行实用程序以创建修改后的java源 Java源代码包含类似于 类TextBlock{…后面跟着一个从资源文件自动生成的静态字符串 用剩下的代码构建生成的java文件
你可以使用scala-code，它与java兼容，并且允许用""" "括起来的多行字符串:
package foobar
object SWrap {
def bar = """John said: "This is
a test
a bloody test,
my dear." and closed the door."""
}
(注意字符串内的引号)和来自java:
String s2 = foobar.SWrap.bar ();
这样是否更舒服?
另一种方法，如果你经常处理长文本，应该放在你的源代码中，可能是一个脚本，它从外部文件中获取文本，并将其包装为一个多行java- string，像这样:
sed '1s/^/String s = \"/;2,$s/^/\t+ "/;2,$s/$/"/' file > file.java
这样你就可以很容易地复制粘贴到你的源代码中。
一个小技巧。使用这个，我在动态创建的HTML页面中注入javascript
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
public String getString()
{
return builder.toString();
}
private DropdownContent _(String a)
{
builder.append(a);
return this;
}
public String funct_showhide()
{
return
_("function slidedown_showHide(boxId)").
_("{").
_("if(!slidedown_direction[boxId])slidedown_direction[boxId] = 1;").
_("if(!slideDownInitHeight[boxId])slideDownInitHeight[boxId] = 0;").
_("if(slideDownInitHeight[boxId]==0)slidedown_direction[boxId]=slidedownSpeed; ").
_("else slidedown_direction[boxId] = slidedownSpeed*-1;").
_("slidedownContentBox = document.getElementById(boxId);").
_("var subDivs = slidedownContentBox.getElementsByTagName('DIV');").
_("for(var no=0;no<subDivs.length;no++){").
_(" if(subDivs[no].className=='dhtmlgoodies_content')slidedownContent = subDivs[no];").
_("}").
_("contentHeight = slidedownContent.offsetHeight;").
_("slidedownContentBox.style.visibility='visible';").
_("slidedownActive = true;").
_("slidedown_showHide_start(slidedownContentBox,slidedownContent);").
_("}").getString();
}
由于Java(还)不支持多行字符串，目前唯一的方法是使用前面提到的技术之一来破解它。我使用上面提到的一些技巧构建了下面的Python脚本:
import sys
import string
import os
print 'new String('
for line in sys.stdin:
one = string.replace(line, '"', '\\"').rstrip(os.linesep)
print ' + "' + one + ' "'
print ')'
把它放在一个名为javastringify.py的文件中，把你的字符串放在一个名为mystring.txt的文件中，然后像下面这样运行:
cat mystring.txt | python javastringify.py
然后，您可以复制输出并将其粘贴到编辑器中。
修改这需要处理任何特殊情况，但这是为我的需要。希望这能有所帮助!
在Eclipse中，如果你打开选项“在粘贴到字符串文字时转义文本”(在Preferences > Java > Editor > Typing中)并在引号中粘贴一个多行字符串，它将自动为你的所有行添加“和\n”+。
String str = "paste your text here";
这看起来可能有点疯狂，但由于这里文档是单行声明的语法糖，并转义了换行符，因此可以为Java文件编写预处理程序，在预处理期间将这里文档更改为单行。
这需要在编译阶段(对于ant/maven构建)之前为预处理文件编写适当的插件，并为IDE编写插件。
从意识形态的观点来看，它与f.g.没有什么不同。“泛型”，这也是一种预处理的语法加糖铸造。
然而，这是一个大量的工作，所以我会在你的地方只使用.properties文件。
如果你像我一样喜欢谷歌的番石榴，它可以提供一个相当干净的表示和一个很好的，简单的方法来不硬编码你的换行符:
String out = Joiner.on(newline).join(ImmutableList.of(
"line1",
"line2",
"line3"));
这是一个老线程，但是一个新的非常优雅的解决方案(只有4个或3个小缺点)是使用自定义注释。
查询:http://www.adrianwalker.org/2011/12/java-multiline-string.html
受此启发的一个项目托管在GitHub上:
https://github.com/benelog/multiline
Java代码示例:
import org.adrianwalker.multilinestring.Multiline;
...
public final class MultilineStringUsage {
/**
<html>
<head/>
<body>
<p>
Hello<br/>
Multiline<br/>
World<br/>
</p>
</body>
</html>
*/
@Multiline
private static String html;
public static void main(final String[] args) {
System.out.println(html);
}
}
缺点是
您必须激活相应的(提供的)注释 处理器。 该字符串变量不能定义为局部变量检查原始字符串字面量项目，其中您可以将变量定义为局部变量 字符串不能像在Visual Basic .Net中那样包含其他变量 使用XML文本(<%=变量%>):-) 字符串文字由JavaDoc注释(/**)分隔
而且您可能必须配置Eclipse/Intellij-Idea，使其不会自动重新格式化Javadoc注释。
有人可能会觉得这很奇怪(Javadoc注释并不是为嵌入注释以外的任何内容而设计的)，但由于Java中缺少多行字符串确实令人讨厌，因此我认为这是最不糟糕的解决方案。
后期模型JAVA对+和常量字符串进行了优化，在幕后使用了StringBuffer，所以你不想让它使你的代码变得混乱。
它指出了JAVA的一个疏忽，它不像ANSI C在双引号字符串之间只有空白的自动连接，例如:
const char usage = "\n"
"Usage: xxxx <options>\n"
"\n"
"Removes your options as designated by the required parameter <options>,\n"
"which must be one of the following strings:\n"
" love\n"
" sex\n"
" drugs\n"
" rockandroll\n"
"\n" ;
我想有一个多行字符数组常量，其中嵌入换行是光荣的，所以我可以在没有任何混乱的情况下呈现块，例如:
String Query = "
SELECT
some_column,
another column
FROM
one_table a
JOIN
another_table b
ON a.id = b.id
AND a.role_code = b.role_code
WHERE a.dept = 'sales'
AND b.sales_quote > 1000
Order BY 1, 2
" ;
要做到这一点，需要打败JAVA之神。
使用Properties.loadFromXML (InputStream)。不需要外部库。
比起混乱的代码(因为可维护性和设计是您所关心的)，最好不要使用长字符串。 从读取xml属性开始:
InputStream fileIS = YourClass.class.getResourceAsStream("MultiLine.xml");
Properties prop = new Properies();
prop.loadFromXML(fileIS);
然后，您可以使用您的多行字符串在一个更可维护的方式…
static final String UNIQUE_MEANINGFUL_KEY = "Super Duper UNIQUE Key";
prop.getProperty(UNIQUE_MEANINGFUL_KEY) // "\n MEGA\n LONG\n..."
MultiLine.xml`位于同一个文件夹YourClass:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE properties SYSTEM "http://java.sun.com/dtd/properties.dtd">
<properties>
<entry key="Super Duper UNIQUE Key">
MEGA
LONG
MULTILINE
</entry>
</properties>
注:你可以使用<![CDATA[”…"]]>为类似xml的字符串。
我有时使用一个并行groovy类来充当一个字符串包
这里的java类
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(TestStrings.json1);
// consume .. parse json
}
}
以及TestStrings.groovy中令人垂涎的多行字符串
class TestStrings {
public static String json1 = """
{
"name": "Fakeer's Json",
"age":100,
"messages":["msg 1","msg 2","msg 3"]
}""";
}
当然，这只适用于静态字符串。如果我必须在文本中插入变量，我会将整个文件更改为groovy。只要保持强类型实践，它就可以实现。
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
String multiline = StringUtils.join(new String[] {
"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times ",
"it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness",
"it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity",
"it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness",
"it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair",
"we had everything before us, we had nothing before us",
}, "\n");
实际上，下面是我迄今为止见过的最干净的实现。它使用注释将注释转换为字符串变量…
/**
<html>
<head/>
<body>
<p>
Hello<br/>
Multiline<br/>
World<br/>
</p>
</body>
</html>
*/
@Multiline
private static String html;
因此，最终结果是变量html包含多行字符串。没有引号，没有加号，没有逗号，只有纯字符串。
该解决方案可在以下URL… http://www.adrianwalker.org/2011/12/java-multiline-string.html
希望有帮助!
String.join
Java 8为Java .lang. string添加了一个新的静态方法，它提供了一个更好的选择:
String.join ( CharSequence分隔符， CharSequence进行…元素 ）
使用它:
String s = String.join(
System.getProperty("line.separator"),
"First line.",
"Second line.",
"The rest.",
"And the last!"
);
从问题中还不完全清楚作者是否有兴趣处理某种需要有一些动态值的格式化大字符串，但如果是这种情况，像StringTemplate (http://www.stringtemplate.org/)这样的模板引擎可能非常有用。
下面是一个使用StringTemplate的简单代码示例。实际的模板("Hello， < name >")可以从外部纯文本文件加载。模板中的所有缩进都将被保留，不需要转义。
import org.stringtemplate.v4.*;
public class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ST hello = new ST("Hello, <name>");
hello.add("name", "World");
System.out.println(hello.render());
}
}
附注:为了可读性和本地化目的，从源代码中删除大块文本总是一个好主意。
一个不错的选择。
import static some.Util.*;
public class Java {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String sql = $(
"Select * from java",
"join some on ",
"group by"
);
System.out.println(sql);
}
}
public class Util {
public static String $(String ...sql){
return String.join(System.getProperty("line.separator"),sql);
}
}
JEP 378: Text Blocks涵盖了此功能，并且包含在JDK 15中。它最初出现在JDK 13中的JEP 355: Text Blocks(预览)和JDK 14中的JEP 368: Text Blocks(第二预览)，可以在这些版本中通过——enable-preview javac选项启用。
语法允许这样写:
String s = """
text
text
text
""";
在此之前，在JDK 12中，JEP 326: Raw String Literals旨在实现类似的功能，但最终被撤回:
请注意:这原本是JDK 12中的预览语言功能，但它已被撤回，并没有出现在JDK 12中。它在JDK 13中被文本块(JEP 355)所取代。
我知道这是一个老问题，但是对于感兴趣的开发人员来说，多行文字将在#Java12中
http://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/amber-dev/2018-July/003254.html
使用JDK/12早期访问构建# 12，现在可以在Java中使用多行字符串，如下所示:
String multiLine = `First line
Second line with indentation
Third line
and so on...`; // the formatting as desired
System.out.println(multiLine);
这将导致以下输出:
第一行 第二行有缩进 第三行 等等……
编辑: 推迟至java 13
使用这个库
https://github.com/alessio-santacroce/multiline-string-literals
可以这样写
System.out.println(newString(/*
Wow, we finally have
multiline strings in
Java! HOOO!
*/));
很好很简单，但是只适用于单元测试
Java 13预览:
Text Blocks Come to Java. Java 13 delivers long-awaited multiline string by Mala Gupta With text blocks, Java 13 is making it easier for you to work with multiline string literals. You no longer need to escape the special characters in string literals or use concatenation operators for values that span multiple lines. Text block is defined using three double quotes (""") as the opening and closing delimiters. The opening delimiter can be followed by zero or more white spaces and a line terminator.
例子:
String s1 = """
text
text
text
""";
这个问题有两个答案:
In you want to stick to pure Java, with Java 14 being released in March 2020, you can leverage the JEP 368 - Text Blocks, in Second Preview mode. Actually the feature is in preview mode in other releases (at least 13 has it). I created and example set here. While this feature is useful, it can be easily abused. Remember that Java requires compilation - having large character arrays in your code can be an easy way to shoot yourself in the leg (if you want a quick change, you will need recompilation - that toolset might not be available to the guy operating your application).
根据我的经验，建议在配置文件中保留大字符串(通常是应用程序操作员可以/应该在运行时更改的字符串)。
总结:负责地使用文本块:)。
Java 13及以上版本
Java中现在通过文本块支持多行字符串。在Java 13和14中，这个特性要求你在构建和运行项目时设置——enable-preview选项。在Java 15及以后版本中，由于文本块已成为标准特性，因此不再需要此选项。查看官方的文本块编程指南，了解更多细节。
现在，在Java 13之前，你是这样写查询的:
List<Tuple> posts = entityManager
.createNativeQuery(
"SELECT *\n" +
"FROM (\n" +
" SELECT *,\n" +
" dense_rank() OVER (\n" +
" ORDER BY \"p.created_on\", \"p.id\"\n" +
" ) rank\n" +
" FROM (\n" +
" SELECT p.id AS \"p.id\",\n" +
" p.created_on AS \"p.created_on\",\n" +
" p.title AS \"p.title\",\n" +
" pc.id as \"pc.id\",\n" +
" pc.created_on AS \"pc.created_on\",\n" +
" pc.review AS \"pc.review\",\n" +
" pc.post_id AS \"pc.post_id\"\n" +
" FROM post p\n" +
" LEFT JOIN post_comment pc ON p.id = pc.post_id\n" +
" WHERE p.title LIKE :titlePattern\n" +
" ORDER BY p.created_on\n" +
" ) p_pc\n" +
") p_pc_r\n" +
"WHERE p_pc_r.rank <= :rank\n",
Tuple.class)
.setParameter("titlePattern", "High-Performance Java Persistence %")
.setParameter("rank", 5)
.getResultList();
多亏了Java 13 Text Blocks，你可以像下面这样重写这个查询:
List<Tuple> posts = entityManager
.createNativeQuery("""
SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT *,
dense_rank() OVER (
ORDER BY "p.created_on", "p.id"
) rank
FROM (
SELECT p.id AS "p.id",
p.created_on AS "p.created_on",
p.title AS "p.title",
pc.id as "pc.id",
pc.created_on AS "pc.created_on",
pc.review AS "pc.review",
pc.post_id AS "pc.post_id"
FROM post p
LEFT JOIN post_comment pc ON p.id = pc.post_id
WHERE p.title LIKE :titlePattern
ORDER BY p.created_on
) p_pc
) p_pc_r
WHERE p_pc_r.rank <= :rank
""",
Tuple.class)
.setParameter("titlePattern", "High-Performance Java Persistence %")
.setParameter("rank", 5)
.getResultList();
可读性强多了，对吧?
支持的想法
IntelliJ IDEA提供了将传统字符串连接块转换为新的多行字符串格式的支持:
Json, html, XML
多行String在编写JSON、HTML或XML时特别有用。
考虑下面的例子，使用String连接来构建一个JSON字符串文字:
entityManager.persist(
new Book()
.setId(1L)
.setIsbn("978-9730228236")
.setProperties(
"{" +
" \"title\": \"High-Performance Java Persistence\"," +
" \"author\": \"Vlad Mihalcea\"," +
" \"publisher\": \"Amazon\"," +
" \"price\": 44.99," +
" \"reviews\": [" +
" {" +
" \"reviewer\": \"Cristiano\", " +
" \"review\": \"Excellent book to understand Java Persistence\", " +
" \"date\": \"2017-11-14\", " +
" \"rating\": 5" +
" }," +
" {" +
" \"reviewer\": \"T.W\", " +
" \"review\": \"The best JPA ORM book out there\", " +
" \"date\": \"2019-01-27\", " +
" \"rating\": 5" +
" }," +
" {" +
" \"reviewer\": \"Shaikh\", " +
" \"review\": \"The most informative book\", " +
" \"date\": \"2016-12-24\", " +
" \"rating\": 4" +
" }" +
" ]" +
"}"
)
);
由于转义字符和大量的双引号和加号，您几乎无法阅读JSON。
使用Java文本块，JSON对象可以这样写:
entityManager.persist(
new Book()
.setId(1L)
.setIsbn("978-9730228236")
.setProperties("""
{
"title": "High-Performance Java Persistence",
"author": "Vlad Mihalcea",
"publisher": "Amazon",
"price": 44.99,
"reviews": [
{
"reviewer": "Cristiano",
"review": "Excellent book to understand Java Persistence",
"date": "2017-11-14",
"rating": 5
},
{
"reviewer": "T.W",
"review": "The best JPA ORM book out there",
"date": "2019-01-27",
"rating": 5
},
{
"reviewer": "Shaikh",
"review": "The most informative book",
"date": "2016-12-24",
"rating": 4
}
]
}
"""
)
);
自从我在2004年使用c#以来，我一直希望在Java中有这个功能，现在我们终于有了它。
看到所有的答案，我认为没有人提到比在java的新版本，你可以这样做:
String s = """
This
is
a
multiline
string
""";
System.out.println(s);
这是它打印的内容:
This
is
a
multiline
string
