这里允许作业题吗?

这个函数进行粗略的“以5为基数”的数学运算，生成0到6之间的数字。

function rnd7() {
    do {
        r1 = rnd5() - 1;
        do {
            r2=rnd5() - 1;
        } while (r2 > 1);
        result = r2 * 5 + r1;
    } while (result > 6);
    return result + 1;
}

下面是Adam回答的Python实现。

import random

def rand5():
    return random.randint(1, 5)

def rand7():
    while True:
        r = 5 * (rand5() - 1) + rand5()
        #r is now uniformly random between 1 and 25
        if (r <= 21):
            break
    #result is now uniformly random between 1 and 7
    return r % 7 + 1

我喜欢把我正在研究的算法扔进Python，这样我就可以摆弄它们，我想我把它贴在这里，希望它对外面的人有用，而不是花很长时间来拼凑。

如果有人能就这一点给我反馈，那就太酷了，我使用了没有assert模式的JUNIT，因为在Eclipse中运行它很容易，也很快速，我也可以只定义一个主方法。顺便说一下，我假设rand5给出的值为0-4，加上1将得到1-5,rand7也是如此……所以讨论应该是解决方案，它的分布，而不是它是从0-4还是1-5…

package random;

import java.util.Random;

import org.junit.Test;

public class RandomTest {


    @Test
    public void testName() throws Exception {
        long times = 100000000;
        int indexes[] = new int[7];
        for(int i = 0; i < times; i++) {
            int rand7 = rand7();
            indexes[rand7]++;
        }

        for(int i = 0; i < 7; i++)
            System.out.println("Value " + i + ": " + indexes[i]);
    }


    public int rand7() {
        return (rand5() + rand5() + rand5() + rand5() + rand5() + rand5() + rand5()) % 7;
    }


    public int rand5() {
        return new Random().nextInt(5);
    }


}

当我运行它时，我得到这样的结果:

Value 0: 14308087
Value 1: 14298303
Value 2: 14279731
Value 3: 14262533
Value 4: 14269749
Value 5: 14277560
Value 6: 14304037

这似乎是一个非常公平的分配，不是吗?

如果我将rand5()添加更少或更多次(其中次数不能被7整除)，分布会清楚地显示偏移量。例如，将rand5()相加3次:

Value 0: 15199685
Value 1: 14402429
Value 2: 12795649
Value 3: 12796957
Value 4: 14402252
Value 5: 15202778
Value 6: 15200250

因此，这将导致以下结果:

public int rand(int range) {
    int randomValue = 0;
    for(int i = 0; i < range; i++) {
        randomValue += rand5();
    }
    return randomValue % range;

}

然后，我可以更进一步:

public static final int ORIGN_RANGE = 5;
public static final int DEST_RANGE  = 7;

@Test
public void testName() throws Exception {
    long times = 100000000;
    int indexes[] = new int[DEST_RANGE];
    for(int i = 0; i < times; i++) {
        int rand7 = convertRand(DEST_RANGE, ORIGN_RANGE);
        indexes[rand7]++;
    }

    for(int i = 0; i < DEST_RANGE; i++)
        System.out.println("Value " + i + ": " + indexes[i]);
}


public int convertRand(int destRange, int originRange) {
    int randomValue = 0;
    for(int i = 0; i < destRange; i++) {
        randomValue += rand(originRange);
    }
    return randomValue % destRange;

}


public int rand(int range) {
    return new Random().nextInt(range);
}

我尝试用不同的值替换destRange和originRange(甚至ORIGIN为7,DEST为13)，我得到了这样的分布:

Value 0: 7713763
Value 1: 7706552
Value 2: 7694697
Value 3: 7695319
Value 4: 7688617
Value 5: 7681691
Value 6: 7674798
Value 7: 7680348
Value 8: 7685286
Value 9: 7683943
Value 10: 7690283
Value 11: 7699142
Value 12: 7705561

从这里我可以得出的结论是，你可以通过求和起始随机“目的地”时间来将任意随机改变为任意随机。这将得到一种高斯分布(中间值更有可能，边缘值更不常见)。然而，目标模量似乎均匀地分布在这个高斯分布中…如果能得到数学家的反馈就太好了……

最酷的是，成本是100%可预测的和恒定的，而其他解决方案导致无限循环的概率很小……

Here's a solution that fits entirely within integers and is within about 4% of optimal (i.e. uses 1.26 random numbers in {0..4} for every one in {0..6}). The code's in Scala, but the math should be reasonably clear in any language: you take advantage of the fact that 7^9 + 7^8 is very close to 5^11. So you pick an 11 digit number in base 5, and then interpret it as a 9 digit number in base 7 if it's in range (giving 9 base 7 numbers), or as an 8 digit number if it's over the 9 digit number, etc.:

abstract class RNG {
  def apply(): Int
}

class Random5 extends RNG {
  val rng = new scala.util.Random
  var count = 0
  def apply() = { count += 1 ; rng.nextInt(5) }
}

class FiveSevener(five: RNG) {
  val sevens = new Array[Int](9)
  var nsevens = 0
  val to9 = 40353607;
  val to8 = 5764801;
  val to7 = 823543;
  def loadSevens(value: Int, count: Int) {
    nsevens = 0;
    var remaining = value;
    while (nsevens < count) {
      sevens(nsevens) = remaining % 7
      remaining /= 7
      nsevens += 1
    }
  }
  def loadSevens {
    var fivepow11 = 0;
    var i=0
    while (i<11) { i+=1 ; fivepow11 = five() + fivepow11*5 }
    if (fivepow11 < to9) { loadSevens(fivepow11 , 9) ; return }
    fivepow11 -= to9
    if (fivepow11 < to8) { loadSevens(fivepow11 , 8) ; return }
    fivepow11 -= to8
    if (fivepow11 < 3*to7) loadSevens(fivepow11 % to7 , 7)
    else loadSevens
  }
  def apply() = {
    if (nsevens==0) loadSevens
    nsevens -= 1
    sevens(nsevens)
  }
}

如果你将一个测试粘贴到解释器中(实际上是REPL)，你会得到:

scala> val five = new Random5
five: Random5 = Random5@e9c592

scala> val seven = new FiveSevener(five)
seven: FiveSevener = FiveSevener@143c423

scala> val counts = new Array[Int](7)
counts: Array[Int] = Array(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

scala> var i=0 ; while (i < 100000000) { counts( seven() ) += 1 ; i += 1 }
i: Int = 100000000

scala> counts
res0: Array[Int] = Array(14280662, 14293012, 14281286, 14284836, 14287188,
14289332, 14283684)

scala> five.count
res1: Int = 125902876

分布很好，很平坦(在每个箱子中，10^8的1/7大约在10k范围内，就像预期的近似高斯分布一样)。

//返回0-5之间概率相等的随机数 函数rand5() { return Math.floor(Math.random() * 6); ｝ //返回0-7之间概率相等的随机数 函数rand7() { If (rand5() % 2 == 0 && rand5() % 2 == 0) { 返回6 + rand5() % 2; }其他{ 返回rand5 (); ｝ ｝ console.log (rand7 ());

int ans = 0;
while (ans == 0) 
{
     for (int i=0; i<3; i++) 
     {
          while ((r = rand5()) == 3){};
          ans += (r < 3) >> i
     }
}