如果您喜欢函数式编程风格，这里有一个有用的函数，使用doctest自文档和测试代码。

def decompose(a_list):
    """Turns a list into a set of all elements and a set of duplicated elements.

    Returns a pair of sets. The first one contains elements
    that are found at least once in the list. The second one
    contains elements that appear more than once.

    >>> decompose([1,2,3,5,3,2,6])
    (set([1, 2, 3, 5, 6]), set([2, 3]))
    """
    return reduce(
        lambda (u, d), o : (u.union([o]), d.union(u.intersection([o]))),
        a_list,
        (set(), set()))

if __name__ == "__main__":
    import doctest
    doctest.testmod()

从这里你可以通过检查返回对的第二个元素是否为空来测试唯一性:

def is_set(l):
    """Test if there is no duplicate element in l.

    >>> is_set([1,2,3])
    True
    >>> is_set([1,2,1])
    False
    >>> is_set([])
    True
    """
    return not decompose(l)[1]

注意，这并不有效，因为您是显式地构造分解。但是在使用reduce的过程中，你可以得到一些等价的(但效率稍低)答案5:

def is_set(l):
    try:
        def func(s, o):
            if o in s:
                raise Exception
            return s.union([o])
        reduce(func, l, set())
        return True
    except:
        return False

如果您喜欢函数式编程风格，这里有一个有用的函数，使用doctest自文档和测试代码。

def decompose(a_list):
    """Turns a list into a set of all elements and a set of duplicated elements.

    Returns a pair of sets. The first one contains elements
    that are found at least once in the list. The second one
    contains elements that appear more than once.

    >>> decompose([1,2,3,5,3,2,6])
    (set([1, 2, 3, 5, 6]), set([2, 3]))
    """
    return reduce(
        lambda (u, d), o : (u.union([o]), d.union(u.intersection([o]))),
        a_list,
        (set(), set()))

if __name__ == "__main__":
    import doctest
    doctest.testmod()

从这里你可以通过检查返回对的第二个元素是否为空来测试唯一性:

def is_set(l):
    """Test if there is no duplicate element in l.

    >>> is_set([1,2,3])
    True
    >>> is_set([1,2,1])
    False
    >>> is_set([])
    True
    """
    return not decompose(l)[1]

注意，这并不有效，因为您是显式地构造分解。但是在使用reduce的过程中，你可以得到一些等价的(但效率稍低)答案5:

def is_set(l):
    try:
        def func(s, o):
            if o in s:
                raise Exception
            return s.union([o])
        reduce(func, l, set())
        return True
    except:
        return False

这是老问题了，但这里的答案让我找到了一个略有不同的解决方案。如果您准备滥用推导式，您可能会以这种方式短路。

xs = [1, 2, 1]
s = set()
any(x in s or s.add(x) for x in xs)
# You can use a similar approach to actually retrieve the duplicates.
s = set()
duplicates = set(x for x in xs if x in s or s.add(x))

我发现这是最好的性能，因为当它发现第一个复制时，它会短路操作，那么这个算法的时间和空间复杂度为O(n)，其中n是列表的长度:

def has_duplicated_elements(iterable):
    """ Given an `iterable`, return True if there are duplicated entries. """
    clean_elements_set = set()
    clean_elements_set_add = clean_elements_set.add

    for possible_duplicate_element in iterable:

        if possible_duplicate_element in clean_elements_set:
            return True

        else:
            clean_elements_set_add( possible_duplicate_element )

    return False

我使用了pyrospade的方法，因为它很简单，并在一个由不区分大小写的Windows注册表组成的简短列表中对其进行了稍微修改。

如果原始PATH值字符串被分割成单独的路径，所有'null'路径(空的或只有空格的字符串)可以使用以下方法删除:

PATH_nonulls = [s for s in PATH if s.strip()]

def HasDupes(aseq) :
    s = set()
    return any(((x.lower() in s) or s.add(x.lower())) for x in aseq)

def GetDupes(aseq) :
    s = set()
    return set(x for x in aseq if ((x.lower() in s) or s.add(x.lower())))

def DelDupes(aseq) :
    seen = set()
    return [x for x in aseq if (x.lower() not in seen) and (not seen.add(x.lower()))]

原始的PATH有“null”条目和用于测试目的的副本:

[list]  Root paths in HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment:PATH[list]  Root paths in HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment
  1  C:\Python37\
  2
  3
  4  C:\Python37\Scripts\
  5  c:\python37\
  6  C:\Program Files\ImageMagick-7.0.8-Q8
  7  C:\Program Files (x86)\poppler\bin
  8  D:\DATA\Sounds
  9  C:\Program Files (x86)\GnuWin32\bin
 10  C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\iCLS Client\
 11  C:\Program Files\Intel\iCLS Client\
 12  D:\DATA\CCMD\FF
 13  D:\DATA\CCMD
 14  D:\DATA\UTIL
 15  C:\
 16  D:\DATA\UHELP
 17  %SystemRoot%\system32
 18
 19
 20  D:\DATA\CCMD\FF%SystemRoot%
 21  D:\DATA\Sounds
 22  %SystemRoot%\System32\Wbem
 23  D:\DATA\CCMD\FF
 24
 25
 26  c:\
 27  %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\
 28

空路径已经被删除，但仍然有重复的路径，例如(1,3)和(13,20):

    [list]  Null paths removed from HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment:PATH
  1  C:\Python37\
  2  C:\Python37\Scripts\
  3  c:\python37\
  4  C:\Program Files\ImageMagick-7.0.8-Q8
  5  C:\Program Files (x86)\poppler\bin
  6  D:\DATA\Sounds
  7  C:\Program Files (x86)\GnuWin32\bin
  8  C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\iCLS Client\
  9  C:\Program Files\Intel\iCLS Client\
 10  D:\DATA\CCMD\FF
 11  D:\DATA\CCMD
 12  D:\DATA\UTIL
 13  C:\
 14  D:\DATA\UHELP
 15  %SystemRoot%\system32
 16  D:\DATA\CCMD\FF%SystemRoot%
 17  D:\DATA\Sounds
 18  %SystemRoot%\System32\Wbem
 19  D:\DATA\CCMD\FF
 20  c:\
 21  %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\

最后，被愚弄的人被删除了:

[list]  Massaged path list from in HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment:PATH
  1  C:\Python37\
  2  C:\Python37\Scripts\
  3  C:\Program Files\ImageMagick-7.0.8-Q8
  4  C:\Program Files (x86)\poppler\bin
  5  D:\DATA\Sounds
  6  C:\Program Files (x86)\GnuWin32\bin
  7  C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\iCLS Client\
  8  C:\Program Files\Intel\iCLS Client\
  9  D:\DATA\CCMD\FF
 10  D:\DATA\CCMD
 11  D:\DATA\UTIL
 12  C:\
 13  D:\DATA\UHELP
 14  %SystemRoot%\system32
 15  D:\DATA\CCMD\FF%SystemRoot%
 16  %SystemRoot%\System32\Wbem
 17  %SYSTEMROOT%\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\

如果所有值都是可哈希的，使用set()删除重复项:

>>> your_list = ['one', 'two', 'one']
>>> len(your_list) != len(set(your_list))
True