我一直在想这个问题——为什么不能在switch语句的case标签后面声明变量呢?在c++中,你可以在任何地方声明变量(并且在第一次使用时声明它们显然是一件好事),但以下仍然不能工作:

switch (val)  
{  
case VAL:  
  // This won't work
  int newVal = 42;  
  break;
case ANOTHER_VAL:  
  ...
  break;
}  

上面给了我以下错误(MSC):

'newVal'的初始化被'case'标签跳过

这在其他语言中似乎也是一个限制。为什么这是一个问题?


当前回答

在阅读了所有的答案和更多的研究之后,我得到了一些东西。

Case statements are only 'labels'

在C语言中,根据规范,

§6.8.1标签声明:

labeled-statement:
    identifier : statement
    case constant-expression : statement
    default : statement

在C语言中,没有任何子句允许“标记声明”。这不是语言的一部分。

So

case 1: int x=10;
        printf(" x is %d",x);
break;

这将不会编译,请参阅http://codepad.org/YiyLQTYw。GCC给出一个错误:

label can only be a part of statement and declaration is not a statement

Even

  case 1: int x;
          x=10;
            printf(" x is %d",x);
    break;

这也不是编译,参见http://codepad.org/BXnRD3bu。这里我也得到了同样的错误。


在c++中,根据规范,

允许标记-声明,但不允许标记-初始化。

见http://codepad.org/ZmQ0IyDG。


这种情况的解是二

使用{}使用新的作用域 案例1: { int x = 10; Printf (" x是%d", x); } 打破; 或者使用带标签的虚拟语句 案例1:; int x = 10; Printf (" x是%d",x); 打破; 在switch()之前声明变量,并在case语句中用不同的值初始化它,如果它满足您的要求 main () { int x;//在前面声明 开关(a) { 情况1:x=10; 打破; 情况2:x=20; 打破; } }


还有更多关于switch语句的东西

永远不要在switch中写入任何不属于任何标签的语句,因为它们永远不会被执行:

switch(a)
{
    printf("This will never print"); // This will never executed

    case 1:
        printf(" 1");
        break;

    default:
        break;
}

见http://codepad.org/PA1quYX3。

其他回答

这个问题最初同时被标记为c和c++。原始代码在C和c++中都是无效的,但原因完全不同,互不相关。

In C++ this code is invalid because the case ANOTHER_VAL: label jumps into the scope of variable newVal bypassing its initialization. Jumps that bypass initialization of automatic objects are illegal in C++. This side of the issue is correctly addressed by most answers. However, in C language bypassing variable initialization is not an error. Jumping into the scope of a variable over its initialization is legal in C. It simply means that the variable is left uninitialized. The original code does not compile in C for a completely different reason. Label case VAL: in the original code is attached to the declaration of variable newVal. In C language declarations are not statements. They cannot be labeled. And this is what causes the error when this code is interpreted as C code. switch (val) { case VAL: /* <- C error is here */ int newVal = 42; break; case ANOTHER_VAL: /* <- C++ error is here */ ... break; } Adding an extra {} block fixes both C++ and C problems, even though these problems happen to be very different. On the C++ side it restricts the scope of newVal, making sure that case ANOTHER_VAL: no longer jumps into that scope, which eliminates the C++ issue. On the C side that extra {} introduces a compound statement, thus making the case VAL: label to apply to a statement, which eliminates the C issue. In C case the problem can be easily solved without the {}. Just add an empty statement after the case VAL: label and the code will become valid switch (val) { case VAL:; /* Now it works in C! */ int newVal = 42; break; case ANOTHER_VAL: ... break; } Note that even though it is now valid from C point of view, it remains invalid from C++ point of view. Symmetrically, in C++ case the the problem can be easily solved without the {}. Just remove the initializer from variable declaration and the code will become valid switch (val) { case VAL: int newVal; newVal = 42; break; case ANOTHER_VAL: /* Now it works in C++! */ ... break; } Note that even though it is now valid from C++ point of view, it remains invalid from C point of view.

从C23开始,C语言中的所有标签都将被解释为标签隐含的空语句(N2508),也就是说,在C语言中不能将标签放在声明前面的问题将不再存在,并且不再需要上述基于;的修复。

您不能这样做,因为case标签实际上只是包含块的入口点。

达夫的装置最清楚地说明了这一点。以下是一些来自维基百科的代码:

strcpy(char *to, char *from, size_t count) {
    int n = (count + 7) / 8;
    switch (count % 8) {
    case 0: do { *to = *from++;
    case 7:      *to = *from++;
    case 6:      *to = *from++;
    case 5:      *to = *from++;
    case 4:      *to = *from++;
    case 3:      *to = *from++;
    case 2:      *to = *from++;
    case 1:      *to = *from++;
               } while (--n > 0);
    }
}

请注意大小写标签是如何完全忽略块边界的。是的,这是邪恶的。但这就是为什么您的代码示例不起作用。跳转到case标签与使用goto相同,因此不允许跳过带有构造函数的局部变量。

正如其他几张海报所指出的那样,你需要放入自己的方块:

switch (...) {
    case FOO: {
        MyObject x(...);
        ...
        break; 
    }
    ...
 }

newVal存在于开关的整个作用域中,但只有在VAL分支被命中时才会初始化。如果你在VAL中创建一个代码块,它应该是OK的。

到目前为止,答案都是c++。

对于c++,你不能跳过初始化。但是,在C语言中,声明不是语句,大小写标签后面必须跟着语句。

所以,有效(但丑陋)的C,无效的c++

switch (something)
{
  case 1:; // Ugly hack empty statement
    int i = 6;
    do_stuff_with_i(i);
    break;
  case 2:
    do_something();
    break;
  default:
    get_a_life();
}

相反,在c++中,声明是一个语句,因此下面的语句是有效的c++,无效的C

switch (something)
{
  case 1:
    do_something();
    break;
  case 2:
    int i = 12;
    do_something_else();
}

好的。我要澄清一下,这和申报完全没有关系。它只涉及“跳过初始化”(ISO c++ '03 6.7/3)

这里的许多帖子都提到跳过声明可能会导致变量“未被声明”。这是不对的。POD对象可以在没有初始化式的情况下声明,但它将具有不确定的值。例如:

switch (i)
{
   case 0:
     int j; // 'j' has indeterminate value
     j = 0; // 'j' set (not initialized) to 0, but this statement
            // is jumped when 'i == 1'
     break;
   case 1:
     ++j;   // 'j' is in scope here - but it has an indeterminate value
     break;
}

当对象是非pod或聚合时,编译器会隐式地添加一个初始化式,因此不可能跳过这样的声明:

class A {
public:
  A ();
};

switch (i)  // Error - jumping over initialization of 'A'
{
   case 0:
     A j;   // Compiler implicitly calls default constructor
     break;
   case 1:
     break;
}

这种限制并不局限于switch语句。使用'goto'跳过初始化也是一个错误:

goto LABEL;    // Error jumping over initialization
int j = 0; 
LABEL:
  ;

一个小细节是,这是c++和C之间的区别。在C中,跳过初始化并不是错误。

正如其他人所提到的,解决方案是添加一个嵌套块,以便变量的生命周期被限制为单个case标签。