遍历列表。如果当前值大于存储的最大值，则将其存储为最大值，并将1-4向下碰撞，5从列表中删除。如果不是，将它与第2条进行比较，然后做同样的事情。重复，检查所有5个存储值。应该是O(n)

下面是一个随机化快速选择的c++实现。这个想法是随机选择一个主元。为了实现随机分区，我们使用一个随机函数rand()来生成l和r之间的索引，将随机生成索引处的元素与最后一个元素交换，最后调用以最后一个元素为枢轴的标准分区过程。

#include<iostream>
#include<climits>
#include<cstdlib>
using namespace std;

int randomPartition(int arr[], int l, int r);

// This function returns k'th smallest element in arr[l..r] using
// QuickSort based method.  ASSUMPTION: ALL ELEMENTS IN ARR[] ARE DISTINCT
int kthSmallest(int arr[], int l, int r, int k)
{
    // If k is smaller than number of elements in array
    if (k > 0 && k <= r - l + 1)
    {
        // Partition the array around a random element and
        // get position of pivot element in sorted array
        int pos = randomPartition(arr, l, r);

        // If position is same as k
        if (pos-l == k-1)
            return arr[pos];
        if (pos-l > k-1)  // If position is more, recur for left subarray
            return kthSmallest(arr, l, pos-1, k);

        // Else recur for right subarray
        return kthSmallest(arr, pos+1, r, k-pos+l-1);
    }

    // If k is more than number of elements in array
    return INT_MAX;
}

void swap(int *a, int *b)
{
    int temp = *a;
    *a = *b;
    *b = temp;
}

// Standard partition process of QuickSort().  It considers the last
// element as pivot and moves all smaller element to left of it and
// greater elements to right. This function is used by randomPartition()
int partition(int arr[], int l, int r)
{
    int x = arr[r], i = l;
    for (int j = l; j <= r - 1; j++)
    {
        if (arr[j] <= x) //arr[i] is bigger than arr[j] so swap them
        {
            swap(&arr[i], &arr[j]);
            i++;
        }
    }
    swap(&arr[i], &arr[r]); // swap the pivot
    return i;
}

// Picks a random pivot element between l and r and partitions
// arr[l..r] around the randomly picked element using partition()
int randomPartition(int arr[], int l, int r)
{
    int n = r-l+1;
    int pivot = rand() % n;
    swap(&arr[l + pivot], &arr[r]);
    return partition(arr, l, r);
}

// Driver program to test above methods
int main()
{
    int arr[] = {12, 3, 5, 7, 4, 19, 26};
    int n = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]), k = 3;
    cout << "K'th smallest element is " << kthSmallest(arr, 0, n-1, k);
    return 0;
}

上述解的最坏情况时间复杂度仍为O(n2)。在最坏的情况下，随机函数可能总是选择一个角元素。上述随机化QuickSelect的期望时间复杂度为Θ(n)

遍历列表。如果当前值大于存储的最大值，则将其存储为最大值，并将1-4向下碰撞，5从列表中删除。如果不是，将它与第2条进行比较，然后做同样的事情。重复，检查所有5个存储值。应该是O(n)

我实现了在n个未排序元素中寻找第k个最小值的动态规划，特别是竞赛方法。执行时间为O(n + klog(n))。所使用的机制在维基百科关于选择算法的页面上被列为方法之一(如上面的帖子之一所示)。你可以阅读算法，也可以在我的博客页面“查找k个最小值”上找到代码(java)。此外，逻辑可以对列表进行部分排序——在O(klog(n))时间内返回第一个K min(或max)。

虽然代码提供了第k个最小值的结果，但可以使用类似的逻辑来查找O(klog(n))中的第k个最大值，忽略创建比赛树的前期工作。

你可以用O(n + kn) = O(n)(对于常数k)表示时间，用O(k)表示空间，通过跟踪你见过的最大的k个元素。

对于数组中的每个元素，您可以扫描k个最大的元素列表，并将最小的元素替换为更大的新元素。

Warren的优先级堆解决方案更简洁。

中位数中位数算法的解释可以在这里找到n中第k大的整数: http://cs.indstate.edu/~spitla/presentation.pdf

c++中的实现如下:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;

int findMedian(vector<int> vec){
//    Find median of a vector
    int median;
    size_t size = vec.size();
    median = vec[(size/2)];
    return median;
}

int findMedianOfMedians(vector<vector<int> > values){
    vector<int> medians;

    for (int i = 0; i < values.size(); i++) {
        int m = findMedian(values[i]);
        medians.push_back(m);
    }

    return findMedian(medians);
}

void selectionByMedianOfMedians(const vector<int> values, int k){
//    Divide the list into n/5 lists of 5 elements each
    vector<vector<int> > vec2D;

    int count = 0;
    while (count != values.size()) {
        int countRow = 0;
        vector<int> row;

        while ((countRow < 5) && (count < values.size())) {
            row.push_back(values[count]);
            count++;
            countRow++;
        }
        vec2D.push_back(row);
    }

    cout<<endl<<endl<<"Printing 2D vector : "<<endl;
    for (int i = 0; i < vec2D.size(); i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < vec2D[i].size(); j++) {
            cout<<vec2D[i][j]<<" ";
        }
        cout<<endl;
    }
    cout<<endl;

//    Calculating a new pivot for making splits
    int m = findMedianOfMedians(vec2D);
    cout<<"Median of medians is : "<<m<<endl;

//    Partition the list into unique elements larger than 'm' (call this sublist L1) and
//    those smaller them 'm' (call this sublist L2)
    vector<int> L1, L2;

    for (int i = 0; i < vec2D.size(); i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < vec2D[i].size(); j++) {
            if (vec2D[i][j] > m) {
                L1.push_back(vec2D[i][j]);
            }else if (vec2D[i][j] < m){
                L2.push_back(vec2D[i][j]);
            }
        }
    }

//    Checking the splits as per the new pivot 'm'
    cout<<endl<<"Printing L1 : "<<endl;
    for (int i = 0; i < L1.size(); i++) {
        cout<<L1[i]<<" ";
    }

    cout<<endl<<endl<<"Printing L2 : "<<endl;
    for (int i = 0; i < L2.size(); i++) {
        cout<<L2[i]<<" ";
    }

//    Recursive calls
    if ((k - 1) == L1.size()) {
        cout<<endl<<endl<<"Answer :"<<m;
    }else if (k <= L1.size()) {
        return selectionByMedianOfMedians(L1, k);
    }else if (k > (L1.size() + 1)){
        return selectionByMedianOfMedians(L2, k-((int)L1.size())-1);
    }

}

int main()
{
    int values[] = {2, 3, 5, 4, 1, 12, 11, 13, 16, 7, 8, 6, 10, 9, 17, 15, 19, 20, 18, 23, 21, 22, 25, 24, 14};

    vector<int> vec(values, values + 25);

    cout<<"The given array is : "<<endl;
    for (int i = 0; i < vec.size(); i++) {
        cout<<vec[i]<<" ";
    }

    selectionByMedianOfMedians(vec, 8);

    return 0;
}