比较两个双精度浮点数或两个浮点数最有效的方法是什么?
简单地这样做是不正确的:
bool CompareDoubles1 (double A, double B)
{
return A == B;
}
比如:
bool CompareDoubles2 (double A, double B)
{
diff = A - B;
return (diff < EPSILON) && (-diff < EPSILON);
}
似乎是浪费加工。
有人知道更聪明的浮点比较器吗?
当前回答
比较浮点数取决于上下文。因为即使改变操作的顺序也会产生不同的结果，所以知道你希望这些数字有多“相等”是很重要的。
在研究浮点数比较时，比较Bruce Dawson编写的浮点数是一个很好的开始。
以下定义来自Knuth的《The art of computer programming》:
bool approximatelyEqual(float a, float b, float epsilon)
{
return fabs(a - b) <= ( (fabs(a) < fabs(b) ? fabs(b) : fabs(a)) * epsilon);
}
bool essentiallyEqual(float a, float b, float epsilon)
{
return fabs(a - b) <= ( (fabs(a) > fabs(b) ? fabs(b) : fabs(a)) * epsilon);
}
bool definitelyGreaterThan(float a, float b, float epsilon)
{
return (a - b) > ( (fabs(a) < fabs(b) ? fabs(b) : fabs(a)) * epsilon);
}
bool definitelyLessThan(float a, float b, float epsilon)
{
return (b - a) > ( (fabs(a) < fabs(b) ? fabs(b) : fabs(a)) * epsilon);
}
当然，选择取决于上下文，并决定你想要的数字有多相等。
比较浮点数的另一种方法是查看数字的ULP(最后位置的单位)。虽然没有专门处理比较，但“每个计算机科学家都应该知道浮点数”这篇论文是了解浮点数如何工作以及陷阱是什么，包括什么是ULP的很好的资源。
其他回答
在数值软件中，确实有这样的情况，你需要检查两个浮点数是否完全相等。我就一个类似的问题发表了这篇文章
https://stackoverflow.com/a/10973098/1447411
所以你不能说“CompareDoubles1”是错误的。
我的课程是基于之前发布的答案。非常类似于谷歌的代码，但我使用了一个偏差，将所有NaN值推到0xFF000000以上。这样可以更快地检查NaN。
这段代码是为了演示概念，而不是通用的解决方案。谷歌的代码已经展示了如何计算所有平台特定的值，我不想复制所有这些。我对这段代码做了有限的测试。
typedef unsigned int U32;
// Float Memory Bias (unsigned)
// ----- ------ ---------------
// NaN 0xFFFFFFFF 0xFF800001
// NaN 0xFF800001 0xFFFFFFFF
// -Infinity 0xFF800000 0x00000000 ---
// -3.40282e+038 0xFF7FFFFF 0x00000001 |
// -1.40130e-045 0x80000001 0x7F7FFFFF |
// -0.0 0x80000000 0x7F800000 |--- Valid <= 0xFF000000.
// 0.0 0x00000000 0x7F800000 | NaN > 0xFF000000
// 1.40130e-045 0x00000001 0x7F800001 |
// 3.40282e+038 0x7F7FFFFF 0xFEFFFFFF |
// Infinity 0x7F800000 0xFF000000 ---
// NaN 0x7F800001 0xFF000001
// NaN 0x7FFFFFFF 0xFF7FFFFF
//
// Either value of NaN returns false.
// -Infinity and +Infinity are not "close".
// -0 and +0 are equal.
//
class CompareFloat{
public:
union{
float m_f32;
U32 m_u32;
};
static bool CompareFloat::IsClose( float A, float B, U32 unitsDelta = 4 )
{
U32 a = CompareFloat::GetBiased( A );
U32 b = CompareFloat::GetBiased( B );
if ( (a > 0xFF000000) || (b > 0xFF000000) )
{
return( false );
}
return( (static_cast<U32>(abs( a - b ))) < unitsDelta );
}
protected:
static U32 CompareFloat::GetBiased( float f )
{
U32 r = ((CompareFloat*)&f)->m_u32;
if ( r & 0x80000000 )
{
return( ~r - 0x007FFFFF );
}
return( r + 0x7F800000 );
}
};
你必须为浮点数比较做这个处理，因为浮点数不能像整数类型那样完美地比较。下面是各种比较运算符的函数。
浮点数等于(==)
我也更喜欢减法技术，而不是依赖于fabs()或abs()，但我必须在从64位PC到ATMega328微控制器(Arduino)的各种架构上快速配置它，才能真正看到它是否会产生很大的性能差异。
所以，让我们忘记这些绝对值的东西，只做一些减法和比较!
从微软的例子修改如下:
/// @brief See if two floating point numbers are approximately equal.
/// @param[in] a number 1
/// @param[in] b number 2
/// @param[in] epsilon A small value such that if the difference between the two numbers is
/// smaller than this they can safely be considered to be equal.
/// @return true if the two numbers are approximately equal, and false otherwise
bool is_float_eq(float a, float b, float epsilon) {
return ((a - b) < epsilon) && ((b - a) < epsilon);
}
bool is_double_eq(double a, double b, double epsilon) {
return ((a - b) < epsilon) && ((b - a) < epsilon);
}
使用示例:
constexpr float EPSILON = 0.0001; // 1e-4
is_float_eq(1.0001, 0.99998, EPSILON);
我不完全确定，但在我看来，对基于epsilon的方法的一些批评，正如这个高度好评的答案下面的评论所描述的那样，可以通过使用变量epsilon来解决，根据比较的浮点值缩放，像这样:
float a = 1.0001;
float b = 0.99998;
float epsilon = std::max(std::fabs(a), std::fabs(b)) * 1e-4;
is_float_eq(a, b, epsilon);
通过这种方式，epsilon值随浮点值伸缩，因此它的值不会小到不重要。
为了完整起见，让我们添加剩下的:
大于(>)小于(<):
/// @brief See if floating point number `a` is > `b`
/// @param[in] a number 1
/// @param[in] b number 2
/// @param[in] epsilon a small value such that if `a` is > `b` by this amount, `a` is considered
/// to be definitively > `b`
/// @return true if `a` is definitively > `b`, and false otherwise
bool is_float_gt(float a, float b, float epsilon) {
return a > b + epsilon;
}
bool is_double_gt(double a, double b, double epsilon) {
return a > b + epsilon;
}
/// @brief See if floating point number `a` is < `b`
/// @param[in] a number 1
/// @param[in] b number 2
/// @param[in] epsilon a small value such that if `a` is < `b` by this amount, `a` is considered
/// to be definitively < `b`
/// @return true if `a` is definitively < `b`, and false otherwise
bool is_float_lt(float a, float b, float epsilon) {
return a < b - epsilon;
}
bool is_double_lt(double a, double b, double epsilon) {
return a < b - epsilon;
}
大于或等于(>=)，小于或等于(<=)
/// @brief Returns true if `a` is definitively >= `b`, and false otherwise
bool is_float_ge(float a, float b, float epsilon) {
return a > b - epsilon;
}
bool is_double_ge(double a, double b, double epsilon) {
return a > b - epsilon;
}
/// @brief Returns true if `a` is definitively <= `b`, and false otherwise
bool is_float_le(float a, float b, float epsilon) {
return a < b + epsilon;
}
bool is_double_le(double a, double b, double epsilon) {
return a < b + epsilon;
}
额外的改进:
A good default value for epsilon in C++ is std::numeric_limits<T>::epsilon(), which evaluates to either 0 or FLT_EPSILON, DBL_EPSILON, or LDBL_EPSILON. See here: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/numeric_limits/epsilon. You can also see the float.h header for FLT_EPSILON, DBL_EPSILON, and LDBL_EPSILON. See https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/header/cfloat and https://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cfloat/ You could template the functions instead, to handle all floating point types: float, double, and long double, with type checks for these types via a static_assert() inside the template. Scaling the epsilon value is a good idea to ensure it works for really large and really small a and b values. This article recommends and explains it: http://realtimecollisiondetection.net/blog/?p=89. So, you should scale epsilon by a scaling value equal to max(1.0, abs(a), abs(b)), as that article explains. Otherwise, as a and/or b increase in magnitude, the epsilon would eventually become so small relative to those values that it becomes lost in the floating point error. So, we scale it to become larger in magnitude like they are. However, using 1.0 as the smallest allowed scaling factor for epsilon also ensures that for really small-magnitude a and b values, epsilon itself doesn't get scaled so small that it also becomes lost in the floating point error. So, we limit the minimum scaling factor to 1.0. If you want to "encapsulate" the above functions into a class, don't. Instead, wrap them up in a namespace if you like in order to namespace them. Ex: if you put all of the stand-alone functions into a namespace called float_comparison, then you could access the is_eq() function like this, for instance: float_comparison::is_eq(1.0, 1.5);. It might also be nice to add comparisons against zero, not just comparisons between two values. So, here is a better type of solution with the above improvements in place: namespace float_comparison { /// Scale the epsilon value to become large for large-magnitude a or b, /// but no smaller than 1.0, per the explanation above, to ensure that /// epsilon doesn't ever fall out in floating point error as a and/or b /// increase in magnitude. template<typename T> static constexpr T scale_epsilon(T a, T b, T epsilon = std::numeric_limits<T>::epsilon()) noexcept { static_assert(std::is_floating_point_v<T>, "Floating point comparisons " "require type float, double, or long double."); T scaling_factor; // Special case for when a or b is infinity if (std::isinf(a) || std::isinf(b)) { scaling_factor = 0; } else { scaling_factor = std::max({(T)1.0, std::abs(a), std::abs(b)}); } T epsilon_scaled = scaling_factor * std::abs(epsilon); return epsilon_scaled; } // Compare two values /// Equal: returns true if a is approximately == b, and false otherwise template<typename T> static constexpr bool is_eq(T a, T b, T epsilon = std::numeric_limits<T>::epsilon()) noexcept { static_assert(std::is_floating_point_v<T>, "Floating point comparisons " "require type float, double, or long double."); // test `a == b` first to see if both a and b are either infinity // or -infinity return a == b || std::abs(a - b) <= scale_epsilon(a, b, epsilon); } /* etc. etc.: is_eq() is_ne() is_lt() is_le() is_gt() is_ge() */ // Compare against zero /// Equal: returns true if a is approximately == 0, and false otherwise template<typename T> static constexpr bool is_eq_zero(T a, T epsilon = std::numeric_limits<T>::epsilon()) noexcept { static_assert(std::is_floating_point_v<T>, "Floating point comparisons " "require type float, double, or long double."); return is_eq(a, (T)0.0, epsilon); } /* etc. etc.: is_eq_zero() is_ne_zero() is_lt_zero() is_le_zero() is_gt_zero() is_ge_zero() */ } // namespace float_comparison
参见:
The macro forms of some of the functions above in my repo here: utilities.h. UPDATE 29 NOV 2020: it's a work-in-progress, and I'm going to make it a separate answer when ready, but I've produced a better, scaled-epsilon version of all of the functions in C in this file here: utilities.c. Take a look. ADDITIONAL READING I need to do now have done: Floating-point tolerances revisited, by Christer Ericson. VERY USEFUL ARTICLE! It talks about scaling epsilon in order to ensure it never falls out in floating point error, even for really large-magnitude a and/or b values!
我使用这个代码:
bool AlmostEqual(double v1, double v2)
{
return (std::fabs(v1 - v2) < std::fabs(std::min(v1, v2)) * std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon());
}
以更一般的方式:
template <typename T>
bool compareNumber(const T& a, const T& b) {
return std::abs(a - b) < std::numeric_limits<T>::epsilon();
}
注意: 正如@SirGuy所指出的，这种方法是有缺陷的。 我把这个答案留在这里，作为一个不遵循的例子。
