通过使用滚动总数，您可以同时

保持平均分配;而且 不需要牺牲随机序列中的任何元素。

这两个问题都是简单的rand(5)+rand(5)…类型的解决方案。下面的Python代码展示了如何实现它(其中大部分是证明发行版)。

import random
x = []
for i in range (0,7):
    x.append (0)
t = 0
tt = 0
for i in range (0,700000):
    ########################################
    #####            qq.py             #####
    r = int (random.random () * 5)
    t = (t + r) % 7
    ########################################
    #####       qq_notsogood.py        #####
    #r = 20
    #while r > 6:
        #r =     int (random.random () * 5)
        #r = r + int (random.random () * 5)
    #t = r
    ########################################
    x[t] = x[t] + 1
    tt = tt + 1
high = x[0]
low = x[0]
for i in range (0,7):
    print "%d: %7d %.5f" % (i, x[i], 100.0 * x[i] / tt)
    if x[i] < low:
        low = x[i]
    if x[i] > high:
        high = x[i]
diff = high - low
print "Variation = %d (%.5f%%)" % (diff, 100.0 * diff / tt)

这个输出显示了结果:

pax$ python qq.py
0:   99908 14.27257
1:  100029 14.28986
2:  100327 14.33243
3:  100395 14.34214
4:   99104 14.15771
5:   99829 14.26129
6:  100408 14.34400
Variation = 1304 (0.18629%)

pax$ python qq.py
0:   99547 14.22100
1:  100229 14.31843
2:  100078 14.29686
3:   99451 14.20729
4:  100284 14.32629
5:  100038 14.29114
6:  100373 14.33900
Variation = 922 (0.13171%)

pax$ python qq.py
0:  100481 14.35443
1:   99188 14.16971
2:  100284 14.32629
3:  100222 14.31743
4:   99960 14.28000
5:   99426 14.20371
6:  100439 14.34843
Variation = 1293 (0.18471%)

一个简单的rand(5)+rand(5)，忽略那些返回大于6的情况，其典型变化为18%，是上面所示方法的100倍:

pax$ python qq_notsogood.py
0:   31756 4.53657
1:   63304 9.04343
2:   95507 13.64386
3:  127825 18.26071
4:  158851 22.69300
5:  127567 18.22386
6:   95190 13.59857
Variation = 127095 (18.15643%)

pax$ python qq_notsogood.py
0:   31792 4.54171
1:   63637 9.09100
2:   95641 13.66300
3:  127627 18.23243
4:  158751 22.67871
5:  126782 18.11171
6:   95770 13.68143
Variation = 126959 (18.13700%)

pax$ python qq_notsogood.py
0:   31955 4.56500
1:   63485 9.06929
2:   94849 13.54986
3:  127737 18.24814
4:  159687 22.81243
5:  127391 18.19871
6:   94896 13.55657
Variation = 127732 (18.24743%)

并且，根据Nixuz的建议，我已经清理了脚本，所以您可以提取并使用rand7…材料:

import random

# rand5() returns 0 through 4 inclusive.

def rand5():
    return int (random.random () * 5)

# rand7() generator returns 0 through 6 inclusive (using rand5()).

def rand7():
    rand7ret = 0
    while True:
        rand7ret = (rand7ret + rand5()) % 7
        yield rand7ret

# Number of test runs.

count = 700000

# Work out distribution.

distrib = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
rgen =rand7()
for i in range (0,count):
    r = rgen.next()
    distrib[r] = distrib[r] + 1

# Print distributions and calculate variation.

high = distrib[0]
low = distrib[0]
for i in range (0,7):
    print "%d: %7d %.5f" % (i, distrib[i], 100.0 * distrib[i] / count)
    if distrib[i] < low:
        low = distrib[i]
    if distrib[i] > high:
        high = distrib[i]
diff = high - low
print "Variation = %d (%.5f%%)" % (diff, 100.0 * diff / count)

这个解决方案不浪费任何熵，并给出了范围内第一个可用的真正随机数。随着每一次迭代，得不到答案的概率可证明地降低了。在N次迭代中得到答案的概率是0到max (5^N)之间的随机数小于该范围内7的最大倍数(max-max%7)的概率。必须迭代至少两次。但这对所有解都是成立的。

int random7() {
  range = 1;
  remainder = 0;

  while (1) {
    remainder = remainder * 5 + random5() - 1;
    range = range * 5;

    limit = range - (range % 7);
    if (remainder < limit) return (remainder % 7) + 1;

    remainder = remainder % 7;
    range = range % 7;
  }
}

数值上等价于:

r5=5;
num=random5()-1;
while (1) {
   num=num*5+random5()-1;
   r5=r5*5;
   r7=r5-r5%7;
   if (num<r7) return num%7+1;
}

第一个代码以模形式计算。第二个代码只是简单的数学。或者我在某个地方犯了错误。: -)

def rand5():
    return random.randint(1,5)    #return random integers from 1 to 5

def rand7():
    rand = rand5()+rand5()-1
    if rand > 7:                  #if numbers > 7, call rand7() again
        return rand7()
    print rand%7 + 1

我想这将是最简单的解决方案，但到处都有人建议5*rand5() + rand5() - 5，如http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/generate-integer-from-1-to-7-with-equal-probability/。 有人能解释一下rand5()+rand5()-1有什么问题吗

就是这样，均匀分布，零rand5调用。

def rand7:
    seed += 1
    if seed >= 7:
        seed = 0
    yield seed

需要事先播种。

以下是我的回答:

static struct rand_buffer {
  unsigned v, count;
} buf2, buf3;

void push (struct rand_buffer *buf, unsigned n, unsigned v)
{
  buf->v = buf->v * n + v;
  ++buf->count;
}

#define PUSH(n, v)  push (&buf##n, n, v)

int rand16 (void)
{
  int v = buf2.v & 0xf;
  buf2.v >>= 4;
  buf2.count -= 4;
  return v;
}

int rand9 (void)
{
  int v = buf3.v % 9;
  buf3.v /= 9;
  buf3.count -= 2;
  return v;
}

int rand7 (void)
{
  if (buf3.count >= 2) {
    int v = rand9 ();

    if (v < 7)
      return v % 7 + 1;

    PUSH (2, v - 7);
  }

  for (;;) {
    if (buf2.count >= 4) {
      int v = rand16 ();

      if (v < 14) {
        PUSH (2, v / 7);
        return v % 7 + 1;
      }

      PUSH (2, v - 14);
    }

    // Get a number between 0 & 25
    int v = 5 * (rand5 () - 1) + rand5 () - 1;

    if (v < 21) {
      PUSH (3, v / 7);
      return v % 7 + 1;
    }

    v -= 21;
    PUSH (2, v & 1);
    PUSH (2, v >> 1);
  }
}

它比其他的稍微复杂一点，但我相信它最小化了对rand5的调用。与其他解决方案一样，它有小概率会循环很长时间。

为什么这行不通?除了对rand5()的额外调用之外?

i = rand5() + rand5() + (rand5() - 1) //Random number between 1 and 14

i = i % 7 + 1;