从线性的角度来看，考虑以下矩阵:

    1 2 3        0 0 1
A = 4 5 6    B = 0 1 0
    7 8 9        1 0 0

现在求A

     1 4 7
A' = 2 5 8
     3 6 9

考虑A'对B的作用，或B对A'的作用。 分别为:

      7 4 1          3 6 9
A'B = 8 5 2    BA' = 2 5 8
      9 6 3          1 4 7

这对任何nxn矩阵都是可展开的。 在代码中快速应用这个概念:

void swapInSpace(int** mat, int r1, int c1, int r2, int c2)
{
    mat[r1][c1] ^= mat[r2][c2];
    mat[r2][c2] ^= mat[r1][c1];
    mat[r1][c1] ^= mat[r2][c2];
}

void transpose(int** mat, int size)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
    {
        for (int j = (i + 1); j < size; j++)
        {
            swapInSpace(mat, i, j, j, i);
        }
    }
}

void rotate(int** mat, int size)
{
    //Get transpose
    transpose(mat, size);

    //Swap columns
    for (int i = 0; i < size / 2; i++)
    {
        for (int j = 0; j < size; j++)
        {
            swapInSpace(mat, i, j, size - (i + 1), j);
        }
    }
}

这是我的实现，在C, O(1)内存复杂度，原地旋转，顺时针90度:

#include <stdio.h>

#define M_SIZE 5

static void initMatrix();
static void printMatrix();
static void rotateMatrix();

static int m[M_SIZE][M_SIZE];

int main(void){
    initMatrix();
    printMatrix();
    rotateMatrix();
    printMatrix();

    return 0;
}

static void initMatrix(){
    int i, j;

    for(i = 0; i < M_SIZE; i++){
        for(j = 0; j < M_SIZE; j++){
            m[i][j] = M_SIZE*i + j + 1;
        }
    }
}

static void printMatrix(){
    int i, j;

    printf("Matrix\n");
    for(i = 0; i < M_SIZE; i++){
        for(j = 0; j < M_SIZE; j++){
            printf("%02d ", m[i][j]);
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
    printf("\n");
}

static void rotateMatrix(){
    int r, c;

    for(r = 0; r < M_SIZE/2; r++){
        for(c = r; c < M_SIZE - r - 1; c++){
            int tmp = m[r][c];

            m[r][c] = m[M_SIZE - c - 1][r];
            m[M_SIZE - c - 1][r] = m[M_SIZE - r - 1][M_SIZE - c - 1];
            m[M_SIZE - r - 1][M_SIZE - c - 1] = m[c][M_SIZE - r - 1];
            m[c][M_SIZE - r - 1] = tmp;
        }
    }
}

    public static void rotateMatrix(int[,] matrix)
    {
        //C#, to rotate an N*N matrix in place
        int n = matrix.GetLength(0);
        int layers =  n / 2;
        int temp, temp2;

        for (int i = 0; i < layers; i++) // for a 5 * 5 matrix, layers will be 2, since at layer three there would be only one element, (2,2), and we do not need to rotate it with itself 
        {
            int offset = 0;
            while (offset < n - 2 * i - 1)
            {
                // top right <- top left 
                temp = matrix[i + offset, n - i - 1]; //top right value when offset is zero
                matrix[i + offset, n - i - 1] = matrix[i, i + offset];   

                //bottom right <- top right 
                temp2 = matrix[n - i - 1, n - i - 1 - offset]; //bottom right value when offset is zero
                matrix[n - i - 1, n - i - 1 - offset] = temp;  

                //bottom left <- bottom right 
                temp = matrix[n - i - 1 - offset, i];
                matrix[n - i - 1 - offset, i] = temp2;  

                //top left <- bottom left 
                matrix[i, i + offset] = temp; 

                offset++;
            }
        }
    }

#!/usr/bin/env python

original = [ [1,2,3],
             [4,5,6],
             [7,8,9] ]

# Rotate matrix 90 degrees...
for i in map(None,*original[::-1]):
    print str(i) + '\n'

这导致双方旋转90度(即。123(上面)现在是741(左边)。

这个Python解决方案是可行的，因为它使用了带负步的切片来反转行顺序(将7移到最上面)

original = [ [7,8,9],
             [4,5,6],
             [1,2,3] ]

然后，它使用map(以及隐含的标识函数，这是map以None作为第一个参数的结果)和*按顺序解包所有元素，重新组合列(即。第一个元素一起放在一个元组中，第二个元素一起放在一个元组中，以此类推)。你有效地得到得到返回如下重组:

original = [[7,8,9],
             [4,5,6],
             [1,2,3]]

这是一个空间旋转方法，由java编写，只适用于正方形。对于非正方形的2d数组，无论如何都必须创建新数组。

private void rotateInSpace(int[][] arr) {
    int z = arr.length;
    for (int i = 0; i < z / 2; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < (z / 2 + z % 2); j++) {
            int x = i, y = j;
            int temp = arr[x][y];
            for (int k = 0; k < 4; k++) {
                int temptemp = arr[y][z - x - 1];
                arr[y][z - x - 1] = temp;
                temp = temptemp;

                int tempX = y;
                y = z - x - 1;
                x = tempX;
            }
        }
    }
}

通过创建新数组旋转任何大小的2d数组的代码:

private int[][] rotate(int[][] arr) {
    int width = arr[0].length;
    int depth = arr.length;
    int[][] re = new int[width][depth];
    for (int i = 0; i < depth; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < width; j++) {
            re[j][depth - i - 1] = arr[i][j];
        }
    }
    return re;
}

这是Java中的一个更好的版本:我已经为一个具有不同宽度和高度的矩阵制作了它

H是旋转后矩阵的高度 W是旋转后矩阵的宽度

public int[][] rotateMatrixRight(int[][] matrix)
{
    /* W and H are already swapped */
    int w = matrix.length;
    int h = matrix[0].length;
    int[][] ret = new int[h][w];
    for (int i = 0; i < h; ++i) {
        for (int j = 0; j < w; ++j) {
            ret[i][j] = matrix[w - j - 1][i];
        }
    }
    return ret;
}


public int[][] rotateMatrixLeft(int[][] matrix)
{
    /* W and H are already swapped */
    int w = matrix.length;
    int h = matrix[0].length;   
    int[][] ret = new int[h][w];
    for (int i = 0; i < h; ++i) {
        for (int j = 0; j < w; ++j) {
            ret[i][j] = matrix[j][h - i - 1];
        }
    }
    return ret;
}

此代码基于Nick Berardi的帖子。