玩Swift,来自Java背景,为什么要选择Struct而不是Class?看起来它们是一样的东西,只不过Struct提供的功能更少。那为什么选择它呢?


对于类,您获得继承并通过引用传递,而结构则没有继承并通过值传递。

有很多关于Swift的WWDC会议,其中一个会议详细回答了这个问题。确保你看了这些,因为它会让你更快地跟上语言指南或iBook。


根据2015年非常流行的WWDC演讲,Swift中面向协议的编程(视频,文本),Swift提供了许多特性,使得结构在很多情况下比类更好。

如果结构相对较小且可复制,则更可取,因为复制比类中对同一个实例有多个引用要安全得多。当将一个变量传递给多个类和/或多线程环境时,这一点尤其重要。如果你总是可以将变量的副本发送到其他地方,你就不必担心其他地方会改变你下面变量的值。

使用Structs,不太需要担心内存泄漏或多个线程竞相访问/修改变量的单个实例。(对于更有技术头脑的人来说,例外情况是在闭包内捕获结构时,因为它实际上是在捕获实例的引用,除非您显式地将其标记为要复制)。

类也可能变得臃肿,因为一个类只能继承一个超类。这鼓励我们创建巨大的超类,其中包含许多不同的能力,而这些能力之间只有松散的关联。使用协议,特别是使用可以为协议提供实现的协议扩展,允许您消除实现此类行为所需的类。

演讲列出了优先使用类的这些场景:

复制或比较实例没有意义(例如,Window) 实例生命周期与外部效果(例如,TemporaryFile)相关联。 实例只是“接收器”——只写外部状态的管道(例如cgcontext)

这意味着结构应该是默认的,而类应该是备用的。

另一方面,Swift编程语言文档有些矛盾:

Structure instances are always passed by value, and class instances are always passed by reference. This means that they are suited to different kinds of tasks. As you consider the data constructs and functionality that you need for a project, decide whether each data construct should be defined as a class or as a structure. As a general guideline, consider creating a structure when one or more of these conditions apply: The structure’s primary purpose is to encapsulate a few relatively simple data values. It is reasonable to expect that the encapsulated values will be copied rather than referenced when you assign or pass around an instance of that structure. Any properties stored by the structure are themselves value types, which would also be expected to be copied rather than referenced. The structure does not need to inherit properties or behavior from another existing type. Examples of good candidates for structures include: The size of a geometric shape, perhaps encapsulating a width property and a height property, both of type Double. A way to refer to ranges within a series, perhaps encapsulating a start property and a length property, both of type Int. A point in a 3D coordinate system, perhaps encapsulating x, y and z properties, each of type Double. In all other cases, define a class, and create instances of that class to be managed and passed by reference. In practice, this means that most custom data constructs should be classes, not structures.

在这里,它声称我们应该只在特定的情况下默认使用类和使用结构。最后,您需要了解值类型与引用类型的实际含义,然后才能就何时使用结构或类做出明智的决定。此外,请记住,这些概念一直在发展,Swift编程语言文档是在面向协议编程演讲之前编写的。


一些好处:

由于不可共享,自动线程安全 由于没有isa和refcount,使用更少的内存(实际上通常是堆栈分配) 方法总是静态分派的,所以可以内联(尽管@final可以为类这样做) 更容易推理(不需要“防御性复制”,这是典型的NSArray, NSString等…)出于与线程安全相同的原因


这个答案最初是关于结构和类之间性能的差异。不幸的是,关于我使用的测量方法有太多的争议。我把它留在下面,但请不要过多地去理解它。我认为经过这么多年,在Swift社区中,struct(以及enum)由于其简单和安全而一直是首选。

如果性能对你的应用很重要,那就自己衡量。我仍然认为大多数时候结构性能更优越,但最好的答案就像有人在评论中说的那样:这要看情况。

===旧答案===

由于结构实例是在堆栈上分配的,而类实例是在堆上分配的,因此结构有时会快得多。

但是,您应该始终自己衡量它,并根据您独特的用例进行决定。

考虑下面的例子,它演示了使用结构和类包装Int数据类型的两种策略。我使用10个重复值是为了更好地反映现实世界,其中有多个字段。

class Int10Class {
    let value1, value2, value3, value4, value5, value6, value7, value8, value9, value10: Int
    init(_ val: Int) {
        self.value1 = val
        self.value2 = val
        self.value3 = val
        self.value4 = val
        self.value5 = val
        self.value6 = val
        self.value7 = val
        self.value8 = val
        self.value9 = val
        self.value10 = val
    }
}

struct Int10Struct {
    let value1, value2, value3, value4, value5, value6, value7, value8, value9, value10: Int
    init(_ val: Int) {
        self.value1 = val
        self.value2 = val
        self.value3 = val
        self.value4 = val
        self.value5 = val
        self.value6 = val
        self.value7 = val
        self.value8 = val
        self.value9 = val
        self.value10 = val
    }
}

func + (x: Int10Class, y: Int10Class) -> Int10Class {
    return IntClass(x.value + y.value)
}

func + (x: Int10Struct, y: Int10Struct) -> Int10Struct {
    return IntStruct(x.value + y.value)
}

使用以下方法来衡量性能

// Measure Int10Class
measure("class (10 fields)") {
    var x = Int10Class(0)
    for _ in 1...10000000 {
        x = x + Int10Class(1)
    }
}

// Measure Int10Struct
measure("struct (10 fields)") {
    var y = Int10Struct(0)
    for _ in 1...10000000 {
        y = y + Int10Struct(1)
    }
}

func measure(name: String, @noescape block: () -> ()) {
    let t0 = CACurrentMediaTime()
    
    block()
    
    let dt = CACurrentMediaTime() - t0
    print("\(name) -> \(dt)")
}

代码可以在https://github.com/knguyen2708/StructVsClassPerformance上找到

更新(2018年3月27日):

Swift 4.0, Xcode 9.2,在iPhone 6S, iOS 11.2.6上运行Release build, Swift编译器设置为-O -全模块优化:

类版本用时2.06秒 Struct版本耗时4.17e-08秒(快了50,000,000倍)

(我不再平均多次运行,因为方差非常小,低于5%)

注意:在没有整个模块优化的情况下,差异会小很多。如果有人能指出这面旗子到底是干什么的,我会很高兴。


更新(2016年5月7日):

Swift 2.2.1, Xcode 7.3,在iPhone 6S, iOS 9.3.1上运行Release build,平均运行5次,Swift编译器设置为-O -whole-module-optimization:

类版本花费了2.159942142s struct版本耗时5.83 e -08秒(快37,000,000倍)

注意:正如有人提到的,在现实场景中,一个结构中可能会有多个字段,我已经为结构/类添加了10个字段而不是1个字段的测试。令人惊讶的是,结果变化不大。


原始结果(2014年6月1日):

(在struct/class上运行,只有1个字段,而不是10个)

在Swift 1.2、Xcode 6.3.2、iPhone 5S和iOS 8.3上运行Release版本时,平均运行超过5次

类版本花费了9.788332333s Struct版本花费0.010532942秒(快900倍)


旧结果(未知时间)

(在struct/class上运行,只有1个字段,而不是10个)

在我的MacBook Pro上发布:

类版本花费了1.10082秒 struct版本花了0.02324秒(快了50倍)


以下是一些值得考虑的其他原因:

struct有一个自动初始化式,你根本不需要在代码中维护它。 struct MorphProperty { var类型:MorphPropertyValueType var键:字符串 var值:AnyObject enum MorphPropertyValueType { case字符串,Int, Double } } var m = MorphProperty(类型:.Int,键:“什么”,值:“blah”)

要在类中得到这个,你必须添加初始化式,并维护初始化式…

Basic collection types like Array are structs. The more you use them in your own code, the more you will get used to passing by value as opposed to reference. For instance: func removeLast(var array:[String]) { array.removeLast() println(array) // [one, two] } var someArray = ["one", "two", "three"] removeLast(someArray) println(someArray) // [one, two, three] Apparently immutability vs. mutability is a huge topic, but a lot of smart folks think immutability -- structs in this case -- is preferable. Mutable vs immutable objects


结构和类之间的相似之处。

我用简单的例子来创建主旨。 https://github.com/objc-swift/swift-classes-vs-structures

和差异

1. 继承。

结构不能在swift中继承。如果你愿意

class Vehicle{
}

class Car : Vehicle{
}

参加一个培训班。

2. 经过

Swift结构按值传递,类实例按引用传递。

语境的差异

结构常量和变量

示例(用于2014年全球开发者大会)

struct Point{
 
   var x = 0.0;
   var y = 0.0;

} 

定义一个名为Point的结构体。

var point = Point(x:0.0,y:2.0)

现在如果我试着改变x,它是一个有效的表达式。

point.x = 5

但如果我定义一个点为常数。

let point = Point(x:0.0,y:2.0)
point.x = 5 //This will give compile time error.

在这种情况下,整个点是不可变常数。

如果我使用类Point代替,这是一个有效的表达式。因为在一个类中,不可变常量是对类本身的引用,而不是它的实例变量(除非那些变量定义为常量)


结构比类快得多。同样,如果你需要继承,那么你必须使用Class。最重要的一点是类是引用类型,而结构是值类型。例如,

class Flight {
    var id:Int?
    var description:String?
    var destination:String?
    var airlines:String?
    init(){
        id = 100
        description = "first ever flight of Virgin Airlines"
        destination = "london"
        airlines = "Virgin Airlines"
    } 
}

struct Flight2 {
    var id:Int
    var description:String
    var destination:String
    var airlines:String  
}

现在让我们创建两者的实例。

var flightA = Flight()

var flightB = Flight2.init(id: 100, description:"first ever flight of Virgin Airlines", destination:"london" , airlines:"Virgin Airlines" )

现在让我们将这些实例传递给两个修改id、描述、目的地等的函数。

func modifyFlight(flight:Flight) -> Void {
    flight.id = 200
    flight.description = "second flight of Virgin Airlines"
    flight.destination = "new york"
    flight.airlines = "Virgin Airlines"
}

同时,

func modifyFlight2(flight2: Flight2) -> Void {
    var passedFlight = flight2
    passedFlight.id = 200
    passedFlight.description = "second flight from virgin airlines" 
}

so,

modifyFlight(flight: flightA)
modifyFlight2(flight2: flightB)

现在如果我们打印航班a的id和描述,我们得到

id = 200
description = "second flight of Virgin Airlines"

在这里,我们可以看到FlightA的id和描述被改变了,因为传递给modify方法的参数实际上指向FlightA对象(引用类型)的内存地址。

现在如果我们打印FLightB实例的id和描述,

id = 100
description = "first ever flight of Virgin Airlines"

这里我们可以看到FlightB实例没有改变,因为在modifyFlight2方法中,Flight2的实际实例是传递而不是引用(值类型)。


我不会说结构体提供的功能更少。

当然,self是不可变的,除了在突变函数中,但仅此而已。

继承可以很好地工作,只要您坚持每个类都应该是抽象的或最终的。

将抽象类实现为协议,将最终类实现为结构。

struct的好处是你可以在不创建共享可变状态的情况下使你的字段可变,因为写时复制会照顾到这一点:)

这就是为什么下面例子中的属性/字段都是可变的,我不会在Java或c#或swift类中这样做。

示例继承结构,在底部名为" Example "的函数中有一点脏和直接的用法:

protocol EventVisitor
{
    func visit(event: TimeEvent)
    func visit(event: StatusEvent)
}

protocol Event
{
    var ts: Int64 { get set }

    func accept(visitor: EventVisitor)
}

struct TimeEvent : Event
{
    var ts: Int64
    var time: Int64

    func accept(visitor: EventVisitor)
    {
        visitor.visit(self)
    }
}

protocol StatusEventVisitor
{
    func visit(event: StatusLostStatusEvent)
    func visit(event: StatusChangedStatusEvent)
}

protocol StatusEvent : Event
{
    var deviceId: Int64 { get set }

    func accept(visitor: StatusEventVisitor)
}

struct StatusLostStatusEvent : StatusEvent
{
    var ts: Int64
    var deviceId: Int64
    var reason: String

    func accept(visitor: EventVisitor)
    {
        visitor.visit(self)
    }

    func accept(visitor: StatusEventVisitor)
    {
        visitor.visit(self)
    }
}

struct StatusChangedStatusEvent : StatusEvent
{
    var ts: Int64
    var deviceId: Int64
    var newStatus: UInt32
    var oldStatus: UInt32

    func accept(visitor: EventVisitor)
    {
        visitor.visit(self)
    }

    func accept(visitor: StatusEventVisitor)
    {
        visitor.visit(self)
    }
}

func readEvent(fd: Int) -> Event
{
    return TimeEvent(ts: 123, time: 56789)
}

func example()
{
    class Visitor : EventVisitor
    {
        var status: UInt32 = 3;

        func visit(event: TimeEvent)
        {
            print("A time event: \(event)")
        }

        func visit(event: StatusEvent)
        {
            print("A status event: \(event)")

            if let change = event as? StatusChangedStatusEvent
            {
                status = change.newStatus
            }
        }
    }

    let visitor = Visitor()

    readEvent(1).accept(visitor)

    print("status: \(visitor.status)")
}

假设我们知道Struct是值类型,Class是引用类型。

如果你不知道值类型和引用类型是什么,那么看看按引用传递和按值传递之间的区别是什么?

根据mikeash的帖子:

... Let's look at some extreme, obvious examples first. Integers are obviously copyable. They should be value types. Network sockets can't be sensibly copied. They should be reference types. Points, as in x, y pairs, are copyable. They should be value types. A controller that represents a disk can't be sensibly copied. That should be a reference type. Some types can be copied but it may not be something you want to happen all the time. This suggests that they should be reference types. For example, a button on the screen can conceptually be copied. The copy will not be quite identical to the original. A click on the copy will not activate the original. The copy will not occupy the same location on the screen. If you pass the button around or put it into a new variable you'll probably want to refer to the original button, and you'd only want to make a copy when it's explicitly requested. That means that your button type should be a reference type. View and window controllers are a similar example. They might be copyable, conceivably, but it's almost never what you'd want to do. They should be reference types. What about model types? You might have a User type representing a user on your system, or a Crime type representing an action taken by a User. These are pretty copyable, so they should probably be value types. However, you probably want updates to a User's Crime made in one place in your program to be visible to other parts of the program. This suggests that your Users should be managed by some sort of user controller which would be a reference type. e.g struct User {} class UserController { var users: [User] func add(user: User) { ... } func remove(userNamed: String) { ... } func ... } Collections are an interesting case. These include things like arrays and dictionaries, as well as strings. Are they copyable? Obviously. Is copying something you want to happen easily and often? That's less clear. Most languages say "no" to this and make their collections reference types. This is true in Objective-C and Java and Python and JavaScript and almost every other language I can think of. (One major exception is C++ with STL collection types, but C++ is the raving lunatic of the language world which does everything strangely.) Swift said "yes," which means that types like Array and Dictionary and String are structs rather than classes. They get copied on assignment, and on passing them as parameters. This is an entirely sensible choice as long as the copy is cheap, which Swift tries very hard to accomplish. ...

我个人不会这样命名我的类。我通常将我的命名为UserManager而不是UserController,但想法是一样的

另外,当你必须重写一个函数的每个实例(即它们没有任何共享功能)时,不要使用类。

所以不是一个类的几个子类。使用几个符合协议的结构体。


使用结构体的另一种合理情况是,当你想对新旧模型进行delta/diff运算时。对于引用类型,你不能开箱即用。对于值类型,突变是不共享的。


从值类型和引用类型的角度来回答这个问题,从苹果博客的这篇文章来看,它看起来非常简单:

使用值类型[例如struct, enum]: 用==比较实例数据是有意义的 你希望副本有独立的状态 这些数据将在代码中跨多个线程使用 在以下情况下使用引用类型[例如class]: 比较实例标识和===是有意义的 您希望创建共享的、可变的状态

正如在那篇文章中提到的,没有可写属性的类将与结构体的行为相同,但有一点需要注意:结构体最适合线程安全模型——这是现代应用程序架构中日益迫切的需求。


许多Cocoa api需要NSObject子类,这迫使你使用class。但除此之外,你可以使用以下苹果Swift博客中的案例来决定是使用struct / enum值类型还是类引用类型。

https://developer.apple.com/swift/blog/?id=10


在Swift中,引入了一种新的编程模式,称为面向协议编程。

创建型模式:

在swift中,Struct是一种自动克隆的值类型。因此,我们可以免费获得实现原型模式所需的行为。

而类是引用类型,在赋值过程中不会自动克隆。为了实现原型模式,类必须采用NSCopying协议。


浅拷贝只复制指向那些对象的引用,而深拷贝复制对象的引用。


为每种引用类型实现深度复制已成为一项乏味的任务。如果类包含进一步的引用类型,我们必须为每个引用属性实现原型模式。然后我们需要通过实现NSCopying协议复制整个对象图。

class Contact{
  var firstName:String
  var lastName:String
  var workAddress:Address // Reference type
}

class Address{
   var street:String
   ...
} 

通过使用结构体和枚举,我们使我们的代码更简单,因为我们不需要实现复制逻辑。


在这些回答中没有注意到的一点是,持有类和结构的变量可以是let,同时仍然允许对对象的属性进行更改,而对于结构则不能这样做。

如果你不希望变量指向另一个对象,但仍然需要修改对象,即在有许多实例变量的情况下,你希望一个接一个地更新,这是很有用的。如果它是一个结构,你必须允许变量被重置为另一个对象使用var,因为在Swift常量值类型正确地允许零突变,而引用类型(类)不这样做。


As struct are value types and you can create the memory very easily which stores into stack.Struct can be easily accessible and after the scope of the work it's easily deallocated from the stack memory through pop from the top of the stack. On the other hand class is a reference type which stores in heap and changes made in one class object will impact to other object as they are tightly coupled and reference type.All members of a structure are public whereas all the members of a class are private.

struct的缺点是不能被继承。


Structure and class are user defied data types By default, structure is a public whereas class is private Class implements the principal of encapsulation Objects of a class are created on the heap memory Class is used for re usability whereas structure is used for grouping the data in the same structure Structure data members cannot be initialized directly but they can be assigned by the outside the structure Class data members can be initialized directly by the parameter less constructor and assigned by the parameterized constructor


结构是值类型,类是引用类型

值类型比引用类型快 值类型实例在多线程环境中是安全的 多线程可以改变实例,而不必担心 关于竞争条件或死锁 与引用类型不同,值类型没有引用;因此, 就是没有内存泄漏。

在以下情况使用值类型:

你希望副本有独立的状态,数据才会被使用 跨多线程的代码

在以下情况使用引用类型:

您希望创建共享的、可变的状态。

更多的信息也可以在苹果文档中找到

https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/LanguageGuide/ClassesAndStructures.html


额外的信息

Swift值类型保存在堆栈中。在进程中,每个线程都有自己的堆栈空间,因此没有其他线程能够直接访问您的值类型。因此,没有竞争条件、锁、死锁或任何相关的线程同步复杂性。

值类型不需要动态内存分配或引用计数,这两者都是昂贵的操作。同时,值类型上的方法是静态分派的。就性能而言,这为值类型创造了巨大的优势。

作为提醒,这里有一个Swift列表

值类型:

结构体 枚举 元组 基本类型(Int, Double, Bool等) 集合(数组,字符串,字典,集合)

引用类型:

类 任何来自NSObject的东西 函数 关闭


结构vs类

[堆栈vs堆] [值vs参考类型]

结构更可取。但是缺省情况下,Struct并不能解决所有问题。通常你会听说值类型是在堆栈上分配的,但这并不总是正确的。只有局部变量被分配到堆栈上

//simple blocks
struct ValueType {}
class ReferenceType {}

struct StructWithRef {
    let ref1 = ReferenceType()
}

class ClassWithRef {
    let ref1 = ReferenceType()
}

func foo() {
    
    //simple  blocks
    let valueType1 = ValueType()
    let refType1 = ReferenceType()
    
    //RetainCount
    //StructWithRef
    let structWithRef1 = StructWithRef()
    let structWithRef1Copy = structWithRef1
    
    print("original:", CFGetRetainCount(structWithRef1 as CFTypeRef)) //1
    print("ref1:", CFGetRetainCount(structWithRef1.ref1)) //2 (originally 3)
    
    //ClassWithRef
    let classWithRef1 = ClassWithRef()
    let classWithRef1Copy = classWithRef1
    
    print("original:", CFGetRetainCount(classWithRef1)) //2 (originally 3)
    print("ref1:", CFGetRetainCount(classWithRef1.ref1)) //1 (originally 2)
     
}

*你不应该使用/依赖retainCount,因为它没有提供有用的信息

检查堆栈或堆

在编译过程中SIL(Swift中间语言)可以优化你的代码

swiftc -emit-silgen -<optimization> <file_name>.swift
//e.g.
swiftc -emit-silgen -Onone file.swift

//emit-silgen -> emit-sil(is used in any case)
//-emit-silgen           Emit raw SIL file(s)
//-emit-sil              Emit canonical SIL file(s)
//optimization: O, Osize, Onone. It is the same as Swift Compiler - Code Generation -> Optimization Level

在那里你可以找到alloc_stack(在堆栈上的分配)和alloc_box(在堆上的分配)

(优化级别(SWIFT_OPTIMIZATION_LEVEL)]