结构和类之间的相似之处。

我用简单的例子来创建主旨。 https://github.com/objc-swift/swift-classes-vs-structures

和差异

1. 继承。

结构不能在swift中继承。如果你愿意

class Vehicle{
}

class Car : Vehicle{
}

参加一个培训班。

2. 经过

Swift结构按值传递，类实例按引用传递。

语境的差异

结构常量和变量

示例(用于2014年全球开发者大会)

struct Point{
 
   var x = 0.0;
   var y = 0.0;

} 

定义一个名为Point的结构体。

var point = Point(x:0.0,y:2.0)

现在如果我试着改变x，它是一个有效的表达式。

point.x = 5

但如果我定义一个点为常数。

let point = Point(x:0.0,y:2.0)
point.x = 5 //This will give compile time error.

在这种情况下，整个点是不可变常数。

如果我使用类Point代替，这是一个有效的表达式。因为在一个类中，不可变常量是对类本身的引用，而不是它的实例变量(除非那些变量定义为常量)

Structure and class are user defied data types By default, structure is a public whereas class is private Class implements the principal of encapsulation Objects of a class are created on the heap memory Class is used for re usability whereas structure is used for grouping the data in the same structure Structure data members cannot be initialized directly but they can be assigned by the outside the structure Class data members can be initialized directly by the parameter less constructor and assigned by the parameterized constructor

一些好处:

由于不可共享，自动线程安全 由于没有isa和refcount，使用更少的内存(实际上通常是堆栈分配) 方法总是静态分派的，所以可以内联(尽管@final可以为类这样做) 更容易推理(不需要“防御性复制”，这是典型的NSArray, NSString等…)出于与线程安全相同的原因

结构是值类型，类是引用类型

值类型比引用类型快 值类型实例在多线程环境中是安全的 多线程可以改变实例，而不必担心 关于竞争条件或死锁 与引用类型不同，值类型没有引用;因此, 就是没有内存泄漏。

在以下情况使用值类型:

你希望副本有独立的状态，数据才会被使用 跨多线程的代码

在以下情况使用引用类型:

您希望创建共享的、可变的状态。

更多的信息也可以在苹果文档中找到

https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/LanguageGuide/ClassesAndStructures.html

---

额外的信息

Swift值类型保存在堆栈中。在进程中，每个线程都有自己的堆栈空间，因此没有其他线程能够直接访问您的值类型。因此，没有竞争条件、锁、死锁或任何相关的线程同步复杂性。

值类型不需要动态内存分配或引用计数，这两者都是昂贵的操作。同时，值类型上的方法是静态分派的。就性能而言，这为值类型创造了巨大的优势。

作为提醒，这里有一个Swift列表

值类型:

结构体 枚举 元组 基本类型(Int, Double, Bool等) 集合(数组，字符串，字典，集合)

引用类型:

类 任何来自NSObject的东西 函数 关闭

这个答案最初是关于结构和类之间性能的差异。不幸的是，关于我使用的测量方法有太多的争议。我把它留在下面，但请不要过多地去理解它。我认为经过这么多年，在Swift社区中，struct(以及enum)由于其简单和安全而一直是首选。

如果性能对你的应用很重要，那就自己衡量。我仍然认为大多数时候结构性能更优越，但最好的答案就像有人在评论中说的那样:这要看情况。

===旧答案===

由于结构实例是在堆栈上分配的，而类实例是在堆上分配的，因此结构有时会快得多。

但是，您应该始终自己衡量它，并根据您独特的用例进行决定。

考虑下面的例子，它演示了使用结构和类包装Int数据类型的两种策略。我使用10个重复值是为了更好地反映现实世界，其中有多个字段。

class Int10Class {
    let value1, value2, value3, value4, value5, value6, value7, value8, value9, value10: Int
    init(_ val: Int) {
        self.value1 = val
        self.value2 = val
        self.value3 = val
        self.value4 = val
        self.value5 = val
        self.value6 = val
        self.value7 = val
        self.value8 = val
        self.value9 = val
        self.value10 = val
    }
}

struct Int10Struct {
    let value1, value2, value3, value4, value5, value6, value7, value8, value9, value10: Int
    init(_ val: Int) {
        self.value1 = val
        self.value2 = val
        self.value3 = val
        self.value4 = val
        self.value5 = val
        self.value6 = val
        self.value7 = val
        self.value8 = val
        self.value9 = val
        self.value10 = val
    }
}

func + (x: Int10Class, y: Int10Class) -> Int10Class {
    return IntClass(x.value + y.value)
}

func + (x: Int10Struct, y: Int10Struct) -> Int10Struct {
    return IntStruct(x.value + y.value)
}

使用以下方法来衡量性能

// Measure Int10Class
measure("class (10 fields)") {
    var x = Int10Class(0)
    for _ in 1...10000000 {
        x = x + Int10Class(1)
    }
}

// Measure Int10Struct
measure("struct (10 fields)") {
    var y = Int10Struct(0)
    for _ in 1...10000000 {
        y = y + Int10Struct(1)
    }
}

func measure(name: String, @noescape block: () -> ()) {
    let t0 = CACurrentMediaTime()
    
    block()
    
    let dt = CACurrentMediaTime() - t0
    print("\(name) -> \(dt)")
}

代码可以在https://github.com/knguyen2708/StructVsClassPerformance上找到

更新（2018年3月27日）：

Swift 4.0, Xcode 9.2，在iPhone 6S, iOS 11.2.6上运行Release build, Swift编译器设置为-O -全模块优化:

类版本用时2.06秒 Struct版本耗时4.17e-08秒(快了50,000,000倍)

(我不再平均多次运行，因为方差非常小，低于5%)

注意:在没有整个模块优化的情况下，差异会小很多。如果有人能指出这面旗子到底是干什么的，我会很高兴。

---

更新(2016年5月7日):

Swift 2.2.1, Xcode 7.3，在iPhone 6S, iOS 9.3.1上运行Release build，平均运行5次，Swift编译器设置为-O -whole-module-optimization:

类版本花费了2.159942142s struct版本耗时5.83 e -08秒(快37,000,000倍)

注意:正如有人提到的，在现实场景中，一个结构中可能会有多个字段，我已经为结构/类添加了10个字段而不是1个字段的测试。令人惊讶的是，结果变化不大。

---

原始结果(2014年6月1日):

(在struct/class上运行，只有1个字段，而不是10个)

在Swift 1.2、Xcode 6.3.2、iPhone 5S和iOS 8.3上运行Release版本时，平均运行超过5次

类版本花费了9.788332333s Struct版本花费0.010532942秒(快900倍)

---

旧结果(未知时间)

(在struct/class上运行，只有1个字段，而不是10个)

在我的MacBook Pro上发布:

类版本花费了1.10082秒 struct版本花了0.02324秒(快了50倍)

假设我们知道Struct是值类型，Class是引用类型。

如果你不知道值类型和引用类型是什么，那么看看按引用传递和按值传递之间的区别是什么?

根据mikeash的帖子:

... Let's look at some extreme, obvious examples first. Integers are obviously copyable. They should be value types. Network sockets can't be sensibly copied. They should be reference types. Points, as in x, y pairs, are copyable. They should be value types. A controller that represents a disk can't be sensibly copied. That should be a reference type. Some types can be copied but it may not be something you want to happen all the time. This suggests that they should be reference types. For example, a button on the screen can conceptually be copied. The copy will not be quite identical to the original. A click on the copy will not activate the original. The copy will not occupy the same location on the screen. If you pass the button around or put it into a new variable you'll probably want to refer to the original button, and you'd only want to make a copy when it's explicitly requested. That means that your button type should be a reference type. View and window controllers are a similar example. They might be copyable, conceivably, but it's almost never what you'd want to do. They should be reference types. What about model types? You might have a User type representing a user on your system, or a Crime type representing an action taken by a User. These are pretty copyable, so they should probably be value types. However, you probably want updates to a User's Crime made in one place in your program to be visible to other parts of the program. This suggests that your Users should be managed by some sort of user controller which would be a reference type. e.g struct User {} class UserController { var users: [User] func add(user: User) { ... } func remove(userNamed: String) { ... } func ... } Collections are an interesting case. These include things like arrays and dictionaries, as well as strings. Are they copyable? Obviously. Is copying something you want to happen easily and often? That's less clear. Most languages say "no" to this and make their collections reference types. This is true in Objective-C and Java and Python and JavaScript and almost every other language I can think of. (One major exception is C++ with STL collection types, but C++ is the raving lunatic of the language world which does everything strangely.) Swift said "yes," which means that types like Array and Dictionary and String are structs rather than classes. They get copied on assignment, and on passing them as parameters. This is an entirely sensible choice as long as the copy is cheap, which Swift tries very hard to accomplish. ...

我个人不会这样命名我的类。我通常将我的命名为UserManager而不是UserController，但想法是一样的

另外，当你必须重写一个函数的每个实例(即它们没有任何共享功能)时，不要使用类。

所以不是一个类的几个子类。使用几个符合协议的结构体。

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使用结构体的另一种合理情况是，当你想对新旧模型进行delta/diff运算时。对于引用类型，你不能开箱即用。对于值类型，突变是不共享的。