我想知道__init__和__call__方法之间的区别。
例如:
class test:
def __init__(self):
self.a = 10
def __call__(self):
b = 20
我想知道__init__和__call__方法之间的区别。
例如:
class test:
def __init__(self):
self.a = 10
def __call__(self):
b = 20
第一个用于初始化新创建的对象,并接收用于初始化的参数:
class Foo:
def __init__(self, a, b, c):
# ...
x = Foo(1, 2, 3) # __init__
第二部分实现函数调用操作符。
class Foo:
def __call__(self, a, b, c):
# ...
x = Foo()
x(1, 2, 3) # __call__
定义自定义__call__()方法允许将类的实例作为函数调用,而不总是修改实例本身。
In [1]: class A:
...: def __init__(self):
...: print "init"
...:
...: def __call__(self):
...: print "call"
...:
...:
In [2]: a = A()
init
In [3]: a()
call
在Python中,函数是一级对象,这意味着:函数引用可以在输入中传递给其他函数和/或方法,并在它们内部执行。
类的实例(又名对象),可以像函数一样对待:将它们传递给其他方法/函数并调用它们。为了实现这一点,__call__类函数必须特殊化。
Def __call__(self, [args…]) 它接受可变数量的参数作为输入。假设x是类x的实例,x.__call__(1,2)类似于将x(1,2)或实例本身作为函数调用。
在Python中,__init__()被正确地定义为类构造函数(以及__del__()是类析构函数)。因此,在__init__()和__call__()之间有一个净区别:第一个创建Class的实例,第二个使该实例可以像函数一样被调用,而不会影响对象本身的生命周期(即__call__不影响构建/销毁生命周期),但它可以修改其内部状态(如下所示)。
的例子。
class Stuff(object):
def __init__(self, x, y, range):
super(Stuff, self).__init__()
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.range = range
def __call__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
print '__call__ with (%d,%d)' % (self.x, self.y)
def __del__(self):
del self.x
del self.y
del self.range
>>> s = Stuff(1, 2, 3)
>>> s.x
1
>>> s(7, 8)
__call__ with (7,8)
>>> s.x
7
__call__使类的实例可调用。 为什么需要它?
从技术上讲,__init__在对象创建时由__new__调用一次,以便可以初始化它。
但是在许多情况下,您可能想要重新定义对象,例如您已经完成了对象,并且可能发现需要一个新对象。使用__call__,你可以重新定义相同的对象,就像它是新的一样。
这只是一个案例,可能还有更多。
>>> class A:
... def __init__(self):
... print "From init ... "
...
>>> a = A()
From init ...
>>> a()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: A instance has no __call__ method
>>>
>>> class B:
... def __init__(self):
... print "From init ... "
... def __call__(self):
... print "From call ... "
...
>>> b = B()
From init ...
>>> b()
From call ...
>>>
我们可以使用调用方法来使用其他类方法作为静态方法。
class _Callable:
def __init__(self, anycallable):
self.__call__ = anycallable
class Model:
def get_instance(conn, table_name):
""" do something"""
get_instance = _Callable(get_instance)
provs_fac = Model.get_instance(connection, "users")
我将尝试用一个例子来解释这一点,假设您想从斐波那契数列中输出固定数量的项。记住斐波那契数列的前两项都是1。例:1,1,2,3,5,8,13 ....
您希望包含斐波那契数的列表只初始化一次,然后更新。现在我们可以使用__call__函数了。阅读@mudit verma的回答。这就像你希望对象作为函数可调用,但不是每次调用时都重新初始化。
Eg:
class Recorder:
def __init__(self):
self._weights = []
for i in range(0, 2):
self._weights.append(1)
print self._weights[-1]
print self._weights[-2]
print "no. above is from __init__"
def __call__(self, t):
self._weights = [self._weights[-1], self._weights[-1] + self._weights[-2]]
print self._weights[-1]
print "no. above is from __call__"
weight_recorder = Recorder()
for i in range(0, 10):
weight_recorder(i)
输出结果为:
1
1
no. above is from __init__
2
no. above is from __call__
3
no. above is from __call__
5
no. above is from __call__
8
no. above is from __call__
13
no. above is from __call__
21
no. above is from __call__
34
no. above is from __call__
55
no. above is from __call__
89
no. above is from __call__
144
no. above is from __call__
如果你观察到输出__init__只被调用了一次,那就是类第一次实例化的时候,后来对象被调用而没有重新初始化。
__call__允许返回任意值,而__init__作为构造函数隐式返回类的实例。正如其他答案正确指出的那样,__init__只被调用一次,而__call__有可能被调用多次,以防初始化的实例被赋值给中间变量。
>>> class Test:
... def __init__(self):
... return 'Hello'
...
>>> Test()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: __init__() should return None, not 'str'
>>> class Test2:
... def __call__(self):
... return 'Hello'
...
>>> Test2()()
'Hello'
>>>
>>> Test2()()
'Hello'
>>>
你也可以使用__call__方法来实现装饰器。
这个例子来自Python 3模式,食谱和习语
class decorator_without_arguments(object):
def __init__(self, f):
"""
If there are no decorator arguments, the function
to be decorated is passed to the constructor.
"""
print("Inside __init__()")
self.f = f
def __call__(self, *args):
"""
The __call__ method is not called until the
decorated function is called.
"""
print("Inside __call__()")
self.f(*args)
print("After self.f( * args)")
@decorator_without_arguments
def sayHello(a1, a2, a3, a4):
print('sayHello arguments:', a1, a2, a3, a4)
print("After decoration")
print("Preparing to call sayHello()")
sayHello("say", "hello", "argument", "list")
print("After first sayHello() call")
sayHello("a", "different", "set of", "arguments")
print("After second sayHello() call")
输出:
上面已经给出了简短而甜蜜的答案。我想提供一些与Java相比的实际实现。
class test(object):
def __init__(self, a, b, c):
self.a = a
self.b = b
self.c = c
def __call__(self, a, b, c):
self.a = a
self.b = b
self.c = c
instance1 = test(1, 2, 3)
print(instance1.a) #prints 1
#scenario 1
#creating new instance instance1
#instance1 = test(13, 3, 4)
#print(instance1.a) #prints 13
#scenario 2
#modifying the already created instance **instance1**
instance1(13,3,4)
print(instance1.a)#prints 13
注意:场景1和场景2在结果输出方面似乎是相同的。 但是在场景1中,我们再次创建另一个新实例instance1。在scenario2, 我们只需修改已经创建的instance1。__call__在这里是有益的,因为系统不需要创建新的实例。
在Java中等价
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test.TestInnerClass testInnerClass = new Test(). new TestInnerClass(1, 2, 3);
System.out.println(testInnerClass.a);
//creating new instance **testInnerClass**
testInnerClass = new Test().new TestInnerClass(13, 3, 4);
System.out.println(testInnerClass.a);
//modifying already created instance **testInnerClass**
testInnerClass.a = 5;
testInnerClass.b = 14;
testInnerClass.c = 23;
//in python, above three lines is done by testInnerClass(5, 14, 23). For this, we must define __call__ method
}
class TestInnerClass /* non-static inner class */{
private int a, b,c;
TestInnerClass(int a, int b, int c) {
this.a = a;
this.b = b;
this.c = c;
}
}
}
__init__是Python类中的一个特殊方法,它是类的构造函数方法。每当构造类的对象时调用它,或者我们可以说它初始化了一个新对象。 例子:
In [4]: class A:
...: def __init__(self, a):
...: print(a)
...:
...: a = A(10) # An argument is necessary
10
如果我们使用A(),它会给出一个错误 TypeError: __init__()缺少一个必需的位置参数:'a',因为它需要一个参数a,因为__init__。
……
当在Class中实现__call__时,可以帮助我们将Class实例作为函数调用调用。
例子:
In [6]: class B:
...: def __call__(self,b):
...: print(b)
...:
...: b = B() # Note we didn't pass any arguments here
...: b(20) # Argument passed when the object is called
...:
20
这里如果我们使用B(),它运行得很好,因为它在这里没有__init__函数。
因此,当你创建任何类的实例并初始化实例变量时,__init__也会被调用。
例子:
class User:
def __init__(self,first_n,last_n,age):
self.first_n = first_n
self.last_n = last_n
self.age = age
user1 = User("Jhone","Wrick","40")
当你像调用其他函数一样调用对象时,会调用__call__。
例子:
class USER:
def __call__(self,arg):
"todo here"
print(f"I am in __call__ with arg : {arg} ")
user1=USER()
user1("One") #calling the object user1 and that's gonna call __call__ dunder functions
案例1:
class Example:
def __init__(self, a, b, c):
self.a=a
self.b=b
self.c=c
print("init", self.a, self.b, self.c)
Run:
Example(1,2,3)(7,8,9)
结果:
- init 1 2 3
- TypeError: 'Example' object is not callable
案例2:
class Example:
def __init__(self, a, b, c):
self.a=a
self.b=b
self.c=c
print("init", self.a, self.b, self.c)
def __call__(self, x, y, z):
self.x=x
self.y=y
self.z=z
print("call", self.x, self.y, self.z)
Run:
Example(1,2,3)(7,8,9)
结果:
- init 1 2 3
- call 7 8 9
方法用于使对象像函数一样工作。
>>> class A:
... def __init__(self):
... print "From init ... "
...
>>> a = A()
From init ...
>>> a()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: A instance has no __call__ method
<*There is no __call__ method so it doesn't act like function and throws error.*>
>>>
>>> class B:
... def __init__(self):
... print "From init ... "
... def __call__(self):
... print "From call it is a function ... "
...
>>> b = B()
From init ...
>>> b()
From call it is a function...
>>>
<* __call__ method made object "b" to act like function *>
我们也可以把它传递给一个类变量。
class B:
a = A()
def __init__(self):
print "From init ... "
我想提供一些捷径和语法糖,以及一些可以使用的技术,但我在当前的答案中没有看到它们。
实例化类并立即调用它
在很多情况下,例如当需要做一个APi请求时,逻辑被封装在一个类中,我们真正需要的只是把数据给那个类,并立即作为一个单独的实体运行它,实例化类可能不需要。这就是
instance = MyClass() # instanciation
instance() # run the instance.__call__()
# now instance is not needed
相反,我们可以这样做。
class HTTPApi:
def __init__(self, val1, val2):
self.val1 = val1
self.val2 = val2
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
return self.run(args, kwargs)
def run(self, *args, **kwargs):
print("hello", self.val1, self.val2, args, kwargs)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# Create a class, and call it
(HTTPApi("Value1", "Value2"))("world", 12, 213, 324, k1="one", k2="two")
给调用另一个现有的方法
我们也可以向__call__声明一个方法,而不需要创建一个实际的__call__方法。
class MyClass:
def __init__(self, val1, val2):
self.val1 = val1
self.val2 = val2
def run(self, *args, **kwargs):
print("hello", self.val1, self.val2, args, kwargs)
__call__ = run
if __name__ == '__main__':
(MyClass("Value1", "Value"))("world", 12, 213, 324, k1="one", k2="two")
这允许声明另一个全局函数而不是一个方法,无论出于什么原因(可能有一些原因,例如你不能修改该方法,但你需要由类调用它)。
def run(self, *args, **kwargs):
print("hello",self.val1, self.val2, args, kwargs)
class MyClass:
def __init__(self, val1, val2):
self.val1 = val1
self.val2 = val2
__call__ = run
if __name__ == '__main__':
(MyClass("Value1", "Value2"))("world", 12, 213, 324, k1="one", k2="two")
__init__()可以:
初始化类的实例。 被叫了很多次。 只返回None。
__call__()可以像实例方法一样自由使用。
例如,Person类有__init__()和__call__(),如下所示:
class Person:
def __init__(self, f_name, l_name):
self.f_name = f_name
self.l_name = l_name
print('"__init__()" is called.')
def __call__(self, arg):
return arg + self.f_name + " " + self.l_name
现在,我们创建并初始化Person类的实例,如下所示:
# Here
obj = Person("John", "Smith")
然后调用__init__(),如下所示:
"__init__()" is called.
接下来,我们以如下所示的2种方式调用__call__():
obj = Person("John", "Smith")
print(obj("Hello, ")) # Here
print(obj.__call__("Hello, ")) # Here
然后调用__call__(),如下所示:
"__init__()" is called.
Hello, John Smith # Here
Hello, John Smith # Here
并且,__init__()可以多次调用,如下所示:
obj = Person("John", "Smith")
print(obj.__init__("Tom", "Brown")) # Here
print(obj("Hello, "))
print(obj.__call__("Hello, "))
然后,调用__init__(), Person类的实例被重新初始化,并从__init__()返回None,如下所示:
"__init__()" is called.
"__init__()" is called. # Here
None # Here
Hello, Tom Brown
Hello, Tom Brown
并且,如果__init__()不返回None,我们调用__init__(),如下所示:
class Person:
def __init__(self, f_name, l_name):
self.f_name = f_name
self.l_name = l_name
print('"__init__()" is called.')
return "Hello" # Here
# ...
obj = Person("John", "Smith") # Here
出现以下错误:
__init__()应该返回None,而不是'str'
并且,如果Person类中没有定义__call__:
class Person:
def __init__(self, f_name, l_name):
self.f_name = f_name
self.l_name = l_name
print('"__init__()" is called.')
# def __call__(self, arg):
# return arg + self.f_name + " " + self.l_name
然后,我们调用obj("Hello, "),如下所示:
obj = Person("John", "Smith")
obj("Hello, ") # Here
出现以下错误:
'Person'对象不可调用
同样,我们调用obj。__call__("Hello, ")如下所示:
obj = Person("John", "Smith")
obj.__call__("Hello, ") # Here
出现以下错误:
AttributeError: 'Person'对象没有属性'__call__'