__call__允许返回任意值，而__init__作为构造函数隐式返回类的实例。正如其他答案正确指出的那样，__init__只被调用一次，而__call__有可能被调用多次，以防初始化的实例被赋值给中间变量。

>>> class Test:
...     def __init__(self):
...         return 'Hello'
... 
>>> Test()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: __init__() should return None, not 'str'
>>> class Test2:
...     def __call__(self):
...         return 'Hello'
... 
>>> Test2()()
'Hello'
>>> 
>>> Test2()()
'Hello'
>>> 

__init__()可以:

初始化类的实例。 被叫了很多次。 只返回None。

__call__()可以像实例方法一样自由使用。

例如，Person类有__init__()和__call__()，如下所示:

class Person:
    def __init__(self, f_name, l_name):
        self.f_name = f_name
        self.l_name = l_name
        print('"__init__()" is called.')
        
    def __call__(self, arg):
        return arg + self.f_name + " " + self.l_name

现在，我们创建并初始化Person类的实例，如下所示:

    # Here
obj = Person("John", "Smith")

然后调用__init__()，如下所示:

"__init__()" is called.

接下来，我们以如下所示的2种方式调用__call__():

obj = Person("John", "Smith")
print(obj("Hello, ")) # Here
print(obj.__call__("Hello, ")) # Here

然后调用__call__()，如下所示:

"__init__()" is called.
Hello, John Smith # Here
Hello, John Smith # Here

并且，__init__()可以多次调用，如下所示:

obj = Person("John", "Smith")
print(obj.__init__("Tom", "Brown")) # Here
print(obj("Hello, "))
print(obj.__call__("Hello, "))

然后，调用__init__()， Person类的实例被重新初始化，并从__init__()返回None，如下所示:

"__init__()" is called.
"__init__()" is called. # Here
None # Here
Hello, Tom Brown
Hello, Tom Brown

并且，如果__init__()不返回None，我们调用__init__()，如下所示:

class Person:
    def __init__(self, f_name, l_name):
        self.f_name = f_name
        self.l_name = l_name
        print('"__init__()" is called.')
        return "Hello" # Here
        
    # ...

obj = Person("John", "Smith") # Here

出现以下错误:

__init__()应该返回None，而不是'str'

并且，如果Person类中没有定义__call__:

class Person:
    def __init__(self, f_name, l_name):
        self.f_name = f_name
        self.l_name = l_name
        print('"__init__()" is called.')
        
    # def __call__(self, arg):
    #     return arg + self.f_name + " " + self.l_name

然后，我们调用obj("Hello， ")，如下所示:

obj = Person("John", "Smith")
obj("Hello, ") # Here

出现以下错误:

'Person'对象不可调用

同样，我们调用obj。__call__("Hello， ")如下所示:

obj = Person("John", "Smith")
obj.__call__("Hello, ") # Here

出现以下错误:

AttributeError: 'Person'对象没有属性'__call__'

__init__将被视为构造函数，其中__call__方法可以被对象调用任意次数。__init__和__call__函数都接受默认参数。

我们可以使用调用方法来使用其他类方法作为静态方法。

class _Callable:
    def __init__(self, anycallable):
        self.__call__ = anycallable

class Model:

    def get_instance(conn, table_name):

        """ do something"""

    get_instance = _Callable(get_instance)

provs_fac = Model.get_instance(connection, "users")  

你也可以使用__call__方法来实现装饰器。

这个例子来自Python 3模式，食谱和习语

class decorator_without_arguments(object):
    def __init__(self, f):
        """
        If there are no decorator arguments, the function
        to be decorated is passed to the constructor.
        """
        print("Inside __init__()")
        self.f = f

    def __call__(self, *args):
        """
        The __call__ method is not called until the
        decorated function is called.
        """
        print("Inside __call__()")
        self.f(*args)
        print("After self.f( * args)")


@decorator_without_arguments
def sayHello(a1, a2, a3, a4):
    print('sayHello arguments:', a1, a2, a3, a4)


print("After decoration")
print("Preparing to call sayHello()")
sayHello("say", "hello", "argument", "list")
print("After first sayHello() call")
sayHello("a", "different", "set of", "arguments")
print("After second sayHello() call")

输出:

第一个用于初始化新创建的对象，并接收用于初始化的参数:

class Foo:
    def __init__(self, a, b, c):
        # ...

x = Foo(1, 2, 3) # __init__

第二部分实现函数调用操作符。

class Foo:
    def __call__(self, a, b, c):
        # ...

x = Foo()
x(1, 2, 3) # __call__