>>> class A:
...     def __init__(self):
...         print "From init ... "
... 
>>> a = A()
From init ... 
>>> a()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: A instance has no __call__ method
>>> 
>>> class B:
...     def __init__(self):
...         print "From init ... "
...     def __call__(self):
...         print "From call ... "
... 
>>> b = B()
From init ... 
>>> b()
From call ... 
>>> 

定义自定义__call__()方法允许将类的实例作为函数调用，而不总是修改实例本身。

In [1]: class A:
   ...:     def __init__(self):
   ...:         print "init"
   ...:         
   ...:     def __call__(self):
   ...:         print "call"
   ...:         
   ...:         

In [2]: a = A()
init

In [3]: a()
call

你也可以使用__call__方法来实现装饰器。

这个例子来自Python 3模式，食谱和习语

class decorator_without_arguments(object):
    def __init__(self, f):
        """
        If there are no decorator arguments, the function
        to be decorated is passed to the constructor.
        """
        print("Inside __init__()")
        self.f = f

    def __call__(self, *args):
        """
        The __call__ method is not called until the
        decorated function is called.
        """
        print("Inside __call__()")
        self.f(*args)
        print("After self.f( * args)")


@decorator_without_arguments
def sayHello(a1, a2, a3, a4):
    print('sayHello arguments:', a1, a2, a3, a4)


print("After decoration")
print("Preparing to call sayHello()")
sayHello("say", "hello", "argument", "list")
print("After first sayHello() call")
sayHello("a", "different", "set of", "arguments")
print("After second sayHello() call")

输出:

方法用于使对象像函数一样工作。

>>> class A:
...     def __init__(self):
...         print "From init ... "
... 
>>> a = A()
From init ... 
>>> a()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: A instance has no __call__ method

<*There is no __call__ method so it doesn't act like function and throws error.*>

>>> 
>>> class B:
...     def __init__(self):
...         print "From init ... "
...     def __call__(self):
...         print "From call it is a function ... "
... 
>>> b = B()
From init ... 
>>> b()
From call it is a function... 
>>> 

<* __call__ method made object "b" to act like function *>

我们也可以把它传递给一个类变量。

class B:
    a = A()
    def __init__(self):
       print "From init ... "

__init__()可以:

初始化类的实例。 被叫了很多次。 只返回None。

__call__()可以像实例方法一样自由使用。

例如，Person类有__init__()和__call__()，如下所示:

class Person:
    def __init__(self, f_name, l_name):
        self.f_name = f_name
        self.l_name = l_name
        print('"__init__()" is called.')
        
    def __call__(self, arg):
        return arg + self.f_name + " " + self.l_name

现在，我们创建并初始化Person类的实例，如下所示:

    # Here
obj = Person("John", "Smith")

然后调用__init__()，如下所示:

"__init__()" is called.

接下来，我们以如下所示的2种方式调用__call__():

obj = Person("John", "Smith")
print(obj("Hello, ")) # Here
print(obj.__call__("Hello, ")) # Here

然后调用__call__()，如下所示:

"__init__()" is called.
Hello, John Smith # Here
Hello, John Smith # Here

并且，__init__()可以多次调用，如下所示:

obj = Person("John", "Smith")
print(obj.__init__("Tom", "Brown")) # Here
print(obj("Hello, "))
print(obj.__call__("Hello, "))

然后，调用__init__()， Person类的实例被重新初始化，并从__init__()返回None，如下所示:

"__init__()" is called.
"__init__()" is called. # Here
None # Here
Hello, Tom Brown
Hello, Tom Brown

并且，如果__init__()不返回None，我们调用__init__()，如下所示:

class Person:
    def __init__(self, f_name, l_name):
        self.f_name = f_name
        self.l_name = l_name
        print('"__init__()" is called.')
        return "Hello" # Here
        
    # ...

obj = Person("John", "Smith") # Here

出现以下错误:

__init__()应该返回None，而不是'str'

并且，如果Person类中没有定义__call__:

class Person:
    def __init__(self, f_name, l_name):
        self.f_name = f_name
        self.l_name = l_name
        print('"__init__()" is called.')
        
    # def __call__(self, arg):
    #     return arg + self.f_name + " " + self.l_name

然后，我们调用obj("Hello， ")，如下所示:

obj = Person("John", "Smith")
obj("Hello, ") # Here

出现以下错误:

'Person'对象不可调用

同样，我们调用obj。__call__("Hello， ")如下所示:

obj = Person("John", "Smith")
obj.__call__("Hello, ") # Here

出现以下错误:

AttributeError: 'Person'对象没有属性'__call__'

上面已经给出了简短而甜蜜的答案。我想提供一些与Java相比的实际实现。

 class test(object):
        def __init__(self, a, b, c):
            self.a = a
            self.b = b
            self.c = c
        def __call__(self, a, b, c):
            self.a = a
            self.b = b
            self.c = c


    instance1 = test(1, 2, 3)
    print(instance1.a) #prints 1

    #scenario 1
    #creating new instance instance1
    #instance1 = test(13, 3, 4)
    #print(instance1.a) #prints 13


    #scenario 2
    #modifying the already created instance **instance1**
    instance1(13,3,4)
    print(instance1.a)#prints 13

注意:场景1和场景2在结果输出方面似乎是相同的。 但是在场景1中，我们再次创建另一个新实例instance1。在scenario2, 我们只需修改已经创建的instance1。__call__在这里是有益的，因为系统不需要创建新的实例。

在Java中等价

public class Test {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Test.TestInnerClass testInnerClass = new Test(). new TestInnerClass(1, 2, 3);
        System.out.println(testInnerClass.a);

        //creating new instance **testInnerClass**
        testInnerClass = new Test().new TestInnerClass(13, 3, 4);
        System.out.println(testInnerClass.a);

        //modifying already created instance **testInnerClass**
        testInnerClass.a = 5;
        testInnerClass.b = 14;
        testInnerClass.c = 23;

        //in python, above three lines is done by testInnerClass(5, 14, 23). For this, we must define __call__ method

    }

    class TestInnerClass /* non-static inner class */{

        private int a, b,c;

        TestInnerClass(int a, int b, int c) {
            this.a = a;
            this.b = b;
            this.c = c;
        }
    }
}