方法用于使对象像函数一样工作。

>>> class A:
...     def __init__(self):
...         print "From init ... "
... 
>>> a = A()
From init ... 
>>> a()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: A instance has no __call__ method

<*There is no __call__ method so it doesn't act like function and throws error.*>

>>> 
>>> class B:
...     def __init__(self):
...         print "From init ... "
...     def __call__(self):
...         print "From call it is a function ... "
... 
>>> b = B()
From init ... 
>>> b()
From call it is a function... 
>>> 

<* __call__ method made object "b" to act like function *>

我们也可以把它传递给一个类变量。

class B:
    a = A()
    def __init__(self):
       print "From init ... "

因此，当你创建任何类的实例并初始化实例变量时，__init__也会被调用。

例子:

class User:

    def __init__(self,first_n,last_n,age):
        self.first_n = first_n
        self.last_n = last_n
        self.age = age

user1 = User("Jhone","Wrick","40")

当你像调用其他函数一样调用对象时，会调用__call__。

例子:

class USER:
    def __call__(self,arg):
        "todo here"
         print(f"I am in __call__ with arg : {arg} ")


user1=USER()
user1("One") #calling the object user1 and that's gonna call __call__ dunder functions

你也可以使用__call__方法来实现装饰器。

这个例子来自Python 3模式，食谱和习语

class decorator_without_arguments(object):
    def __init__(self, f):
        """
        If there are no decorator arguments, the function
        to be decorated is passed to the constructor.
        """
        print("Inside __init__()")
        self.f = f

    def __call__(self, *args):
        """
        The __call__ method is not called until the
        decorated function is called.
        """
        print("Inside __call__()")
        self.f(*args)
        print("After self.f( * args)")


@decorator_without_arguments
def sayHello(a1, a2, a3, a4):
    print('sayHello arguments:', a1, a2, a3, a4)


print("After decoration")
print("Preparing to call sayHello()")
sayHello("say", "hello", "argument", "list")
print("After first sayHello() call")
sayHello("a", "different", "set of", "arguments")
print("After second sayHello() call")

输出:

我想提供一些捷径和语法糖，以及一些可以使用的技术，但我在当前的答案中没有看到它们。

实例化类并立即调用它

在很多情况下，例如当需要做一个APi请求时，逻辑被封装在一个类中，我们真正需要的只是把数据给那个类，并立即作为一个单独的实体运行它，实例化类可能不需要。这就是

instance = MyClass() # instanciation
instance() # run the instance.__call__()
# now instance is not needed 

相反，我们可以这样做。

class HTTPApi:

    def __init__(self, val1, val2):
        self.val1 = val1
        self.val2 = val2

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.run(args, kwargs)

    def run(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("hello", self.val1, self.val2, args, kwargs)
        
if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Create a class, and call it
    (HTTPApi("Value1", "Value2"))("world", 12, 213, 324, k1="one", k2="two")

给调用另一个现有的方法

我们也可以向__call__声明一个方法，而不需要创建一个实际的__call__方法。

class MyClass:

    def __init__(self, val1, val2):
        self.val1 = val1
        self.val2 = val2

    def run(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("hello", self.val1, self.val2, args, kwargs)

    __call__ = run

if __name__ == '__main__':
    (MyClass("Value1", "Value"))("world", 12, 213, 324, k1="one", k2="two")

这允许声明另一个全局函数而不是一个方法，无论出于什么原因(可能有一些原因，例如你不能修改该方法，但你需要由类调用它)。

def run(self, *args, **kwargs):
    print("hello",self.val1, self.val2,  args, kwargs)

class MyClass:

    def __init__(self, val1, val2):
        self.val1 = val1
        self.val2 = val2

    __call__ = run

if __name__ == '__main__':
    (MyClass("Value1", "Value2"))("world", 12, 213, 324, k1="one", k2="two")

定义自定义__call__()方法允许将类的实例作为函数调用，而不总是修改实例本身。

In [1]: class A:
   ...:     def __init__(self):
   ...:         print "init"
   ...:         
   ...:     def __call__(self):
   ...:         print "call"
   ...:         
   ...:         

In [2]: a = A()
init

In [3]: a()
call

案例1:

class Example:
    def __init__(self, a, b, c):
        self.a=a
        self.b=b
        self.c=c
        print("init", self.a, self.b, self.c)

Run:

Example(1,2,3)(7,8,9)

结果:

- init 1 2 3
- TypeError: 'Example' object is not callable

案例2:

class Example:
    def __init__(self, a, b, c):
        self.a=a
        self.b=b
        self.c=c
        print("init", self.a, self.b, self.c)
    def __call__(self, x, y, z):
        self.x=x
        self.y=y
        self.z=z
        print("call", self.x, self.y, self.z)

Run:

Example(1,2,3)(7,8,9)

结果:

- init 1 2 3
- call 7 8 9