你最多要数到99,999,999，并在沿途标明1,000,000个站点。因此，可以使用位流进行解释，即1表示递增计数器，0表示输出数字。如果流中的前8位是00110010，到目前为止我们将有0,0,2,2,3。

Log (99,999,999 + 1,000,000) / Log(2) = 26.59。你的内存中有2^28位。你只需要用一半!

To represent the sorted array one can just store the first element and the difference between adjacent elements. In this way we are concerned with encoding 10^6 elements that can sum up to at most 10^8. Let's call this D. To encode the elements of D one can use a Huffman code. The dictionary for the Huffman code can be created on the go and the array updated every time a new item is inserted in the sorted array (insertion sort). Note that when the dictionary changes because of a new item the whole array should be updated to match the new encoding.

如果每个唯一元素的数量相等，则编码D中每个元素的平均比特数将最大化。比如元素d1 d2…， dN在D中各出现F次。在这种情况下(最坏的情况是输入序列中同时有0和10^8)我们有

sum（1<=i<=N） F. di = 10^8

在哪里

sum(1<=i<=N) F=10^6，或F=10^6/N，归一化频率将是p= F/10^=1/N

平均比特数为-log2(1/P) = log2(N)。在这种情况下，我们应该找到使n最大化的情况，这发生在di从0开始的连续数，或者di= i-1时

10 ^ 8 =(1 < =我< = N) f . di =(1 < =我< = N) (10 ^ 6 / N)(张)= (10 ^ 6 / N) N (N - 1) / 2

i.e.

N <= 201。在这种情况下，平均比特数是log2(201)=7.6511，这意味着我们将需要大约1字节的每个输入元素来保存排序的数组。注意，这并不意味着D一般不能有超过201个元素。它只是说明，如果D的元素是均匀分布的，那么D的唯一值不可能超过201个。

到目前为止，这里还没有提到一个相当狡猾的技巧。我们假设您没有额外的方法来存储数据，但严格来说这并不正确。

解决问题的一种方法是做以下可怕的事情，任何人在任何情况下都不应该尝试:使用网络流量存储数据。不，我指的不是NAS。

你可以用以下方法对只有几个字节内存的数字进行排序:

首先取两个变量:COUNTER和VALUE。 首先将所有寄存器设置为0; 每次你收到一个整数I，增加COUNTER并将VALUE设置为max(VALUE, I); 然后向路由器发送数据集为I的ICMP echo请求报文。擦掉I，重复。 每次收到返回的ICMP包时，只需提取整数并在另一个回显请求中再次发送出去。这将产生大量的ICMP请求，其中包含整数。

Once COUNTER reaches 1000000, you have all of the values stored in the incessant stream of ICMP requests, and VALUE now contains the maximum integer. Pick some threshold T >> 1000000. Set COUNTER to zero. Every time you receive an ICMP packet, increment COUNTER and send the contained integer I back out in another echo request, unless I=VALUE, in which case transmit it to the destination for the sorted integers. Once COUNTER=T, decrement VALUE by 1, reset COUNTER to zero and repeat. Once VALUE reaches zero you should have transmitted all integers in order from largest to smallest to the destination, and have only used about 47 bits of RAM for the two persistent variables (and whatever small amount you need for the temporary values).

我知道这很可怕，我知道可能会有各种各样的实际问题，但我想这可能会让你们中的一些人发笑，或者至少会吓到你们。

If it is possible to read the input file more than once (your problem statement doesn't say it can't), the following should work. It is described in Benchley's book "Programming Perls." If we store each number in 8 bytes we can store 250,000 numbers in one megabyte. Use a program that makes 40 passes over the input file. On the first pass it reads into memory any integer between 0 and 249,999, sorts the (at most) 250,000 integers and writes them to the output file. The second pass sorts the integers from 250,000 to 499,999 and so on to the 40th pass, which sorts 9,750,000 to 9,999,999.

If the numbers are evenly distributed we can use Counting sort. We should keep the number of times that each number is repeated in an array. Available space is: 1 MB - 3 KB = 1045504 B or 8364032 bits Number of bits per number= 8364032/1000000 = 8 Therefore, we can store the number of times each number is repeated to the maximum of 2^8-1=255. Using this approach we have an extra 364032 bits unused that can be used to handle cases where a number is repeated more than 255 times. For example we can say a number 255 indicates a repetition greater than or equal to 255. In this case we should store a sequence of numbers+repetitions. We can handle 7745 special cases as shown bellow:

364032/(表示每个数字所需的位数+表示100万所需的位数)= 364032 / (27+20)=7745

我想试试基数树。如果可以将数据存储在树中，那么就可以执行顺序遍历来传输数据。

我不确定你是否能把它装进1MB，但我认为值得一试。