在接收流时执行这些步骤。

首先设置一些合理的块大小

伪代码思想:

The first step would be to find all the duplicates and stick them in a dictionary with its count and remove them. The third step would be to place number that exist in sequence of their algorithmic steps and place them in counters special dictionaries with the first number and their step like n, n+1..., n+2, 2n, 2n+1, 2n+2... Begin to compress in chunks some reasonable ranges of number like every 1000 or ever 10000 the remaining numbers that appear less often to repeat. Uncompress that range if a number is found and add it to the range and leave it uncompressed for a while longer. Otherwise just add that number to a byte[chunkSize]

在接收流时继续执行前4步。最后一步是，如果超出内存，则失败，或者在收集完所有数据后开始输出结果，即开始对范围进行排序，并按顺序输出结果，然后按需要解压缩的顺序解压结果，并在得到它们时对它们进行排序。

如果输入流可以接收几次，这就容易多了(没有关于这方面的信息，想法和时间性能问题)。然后，我们可以数小数。有了计数值，就很容易生成输出流。通过计算值来压缩。 这取决于输入流中的内容。

请参阅第一个正确答案或后面带有算术编码的答案。下面你可能会发现一些有趣的，但不是100%防弹的解决方案。

这是一个非常有趣的任务，这里有另一个解决方案。我希望有人会觉得这个结果有用(或者至少有趣)。

阶段1:初始数据结构，粗略压缩方法，基本结果

Let's do some simple math: we have 1M (1048576 bytes) of RAM initially available to store 10^6 8 digit decimal numbers. [0;99999999]. So to store one number 27 bits are needed (taking the assumption that unsigned numbers will be used). Thus, to store a raw stream ~3.5M of RAM will be needed. Somebody already said it doesn't seem to be feasible, but I would say the task can be solved if the input is "good enough". Basically, the idea is to compress the input data with compression factor 0.29 or higher and do sorting in a proper manner.

让我们先解决压缩问题。有一些相关的测试已经可用:

http://www.theeggeadventure.com/wikimedia/index.php/Java_Data_Compression

“我运行了一个测试，压缩100万个连续整数使用 各种形式的压缩。结果如下:

None     4000027
Deflate  2006803
Filtered 1391833
BZip2    427067
Lzma     255040

看起来LZMA (Lempel-Ziv-Markov链算法)是一个很好的选择。我准备了一个简单的PoC，但仍有一些细节需要强调:

Memory is limited so the idea is to presort numbers and use compressed buckets (dynamic size) as temporary storage It is easier to achieve a better compression factor with presorted data, so there is a static buffer for each bucket (numbers from the buffer are to be sorted before LZMA) Each bucket holds a specific range, so the final sort can be done for each bucket separately Bucket's size can be properly set, so there will be enough memory to decompress stored data and do the final sort for each bucket separately

请注意，所附的代码是一个POC，它不能用作最终解决方案，它只是演示了使用几个较小的缓冲区以某种最佳方式(可能是压缩)存储预排序数字的想法。LZMA并不是最终的解决方案。它被用作向这个PoC引入压缩的最快方法。

请看下面的PoC代码(请注意它只是一个演示，要编译它将需要LZMA-Java):

public class MemorySortDemo {

static final int NUM_COUNT = 1000000;
static final int NUM_MAX   = 100000000;

static final int BUCKETS      = 5;
static final int DICT_SIZE    = 16 * 1024; // LZMA dictionary size
static final int BUCKET_SIZE  = 1024;
static final int BUFFER_SIZE  = 10 * 1024;
static final int BUCKET_RANGE = NUM_MAX / BUCKETS;

static class Producer {
    private Random random = new Random();
    public int produce() { return random.nextInt(NUM_MAX); }
}

static class Bucket {
    public int size, pointer;
    public int[] buffer = new int[BUFFER_SIZE];

    public ByteArrayOutputStream tempOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
    public DataOutputStream tempDataOut = new DataOutputStream(tempOut);
    public ByteArrayOutputStream compressedOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

    public void submitBuffer() throws IOException {
        Arrays.sort(buffer, 0, pointer);

        for (int j = 0; j < pointer; j++) {
            tempDataOut.writeInt(buffer[j]);
            size++;
        }            
        pointer = 0;
    }

    public void write(int value) throws IOException {
        if (isBufferFull()) {
            submitBuffer();
        }
        buffer[pointer++] = value;
    }

    public boolean isBufferFull() {
        return pointer == BUFFER_SIZE;
    }

    public byte[] compressData() throws IOException {
        tempDataOut.close();
        return compress(tempOut.toByteArray());
    }        

    private byte[] compress(byte[] input) throws IOException {
        final BufferedInputStream in = new BufferedInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(input));
        final DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(new BufferedOutputStream(compressedOut));

        final Encoder encoder = new Encoder();
        encoder.setEndMarkerMode(true);
        encoder.setNumFastBytes(0x20);
        encoder.setDictionarySize(DICT_SIZE);
        encoder.setMatchFinder(Encoder.EMatchFinderTypeBT4);

        ByteArrayOutputStream encoderPrperties = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        encoder.writeCoderProperties(encoderPrperties);
        encoderPrperties.flush();
        encoderPrperties.close();

        encoder.code(in, out, -1, -1, null);
        out.flush();
        out.close();
        in.close();

        return encoderPrperties.toByteArray();
    }

    public int[] decompress(byte[] properties) throws IOException {
        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(compressedOut.toByteArray());
        ByteArrayOutputStream data = new ByteArrayOutputStream(10 * 1024);
        BufferedOutputStream out = new BufferedOutputStream(data);

        Decoder decoder = new Decoder();
        decoder.setDecoderProperties(properties);
        decoder.code(in, out, 4 * size);

        out.flush();
        out.close();
        in.close();

        DataInputStream input = new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(data.toByteArray()));
        int[] array = new int[size];
        for (int k = 0; k < size; k++) {
            array[k] = input.readInt();
        }

        return array;
    }
}

static class Sorter {
    private Bucket[] bucket = new Bucket[BUCKETS];

    public void doSort(Producer p, Consumer c) throws IOException {

        for (int i = 0; i < bucket.length; i++) {  // allocate buckets
            bucket[i] = new Bucket();
        }

        for(int i=0; i< NUM_COUNT; i++) {         // produce some data
            int value = p.produce();
            int bucketId = value/BUCKET_RANGE;
            bucket[bucketId].write(value);
            c.register(value);
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < bucket.length; i++) { // submit non-empty buffers
            bucket[i].submitBuffer();
        }

        byte[] compressProperties = null;
        for (int i = 0; i < bucket.length; i++) { // compress the data
            compressProperties = bucket[i].compressData();
        }

        printStatistics();

        for (int i = 0; i < bucket.length; i++) { // decode & sort buckets one by one
            int[] array = bucket[i].decompress(compressProperties);
            Arrays.sort(array);

            for(int v : array) {
                c.consume(v);
            }
        }
        c.finalCheck();
    }

    public void printStatistics() {
        int size = 0;
        int sizeCompressed = 0;

        for (int i = 0; i < BUCKETS; i++) {
            int bucketSize = 4*bucket[i].size;
            size += bucketSize;
            sizeCompressed += bucket[i].compressedOut.size();

            System.out.println("  bucket[" + i
                    + "] contains: " + bucket[i].size
                    + " numbers, compressed size: " + bucket[i].compressedOut.size()
                    + String.format(" compression factor: %.2f", ((double)bucket[i].compressedOut.size())/bucketSize));
        }

        System.out.println(String.format("Data size: %.2fM",(double)size/(1014*1024))
                + String.format(" compressed %.2fM",(double)sizeCompressed/(1014*1024))
                + String.format(" compression factor %.2f",(double)sizeCompressed/size));
    }
}

static class Consumer {
    private Set<Integer> values = new HashSet<>();

    int v = -1;
    public void consume(int value) {
        if(v < 0) v = value;

        if(v > value) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Current value is greater than previous: " + v + " > " + value);
        }else{
            v = value;
            values.remove(value);
        }
    }

    public void register(int value) {
        values.add(value);
    }

    public void finalCheck() {
        System.out.println(values.size() > 0 ? "NOT OK: " + values.size() : "OK!");
    }
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
    Producer p = new Producer();
    Consumer c = new Consumer();
    Sorter sorter = new Sorter();

    sorter.doSort(p, c);
}
}

对于随机数，它产生如下结果:

bucket[0] contains: 200357 numbers, compressed size: 353679 compression factor: 0.44
bucket[1] contains: 199465 numbers, compressed size: 352127 compression factor: 0.44
bucket[2] contains: 199682 numbers, compressed size: 352464 compression factor: 0.44
bucket[3] contains: 199949 numbers, compressed size: 352947 compression factor: 0.44
bucket[4] contains: 200547 numbers, compressed size: 353914 compression factor: 0.44
Data size: 3.85M compressed 1.70M compression factor 0.44

对于一个简单的升序序列(使用一个桶)，它产生:

bucket[0] contains: 1000000 numbers, compressed size: 256700 compression factor: 0.06
Data size: 3.85M compressed 0.25M compression factor 0.06

EDIT

结论:

不要试图欺骗大自然 使用更简单的压缩和更低的内存占用 确实需要一些额外的线索。普通的防弹方案似乎并不可行。

第二阶段:强化压缩，最终结论

正如在前一节中已经提到的，任何合适的压缩技术都可以使用。因此，让我们摒弃LZMA，转而采用更简单、更好(如果可能的话)的方法。有很多好的解决方案，包括算术编码，基树等。

无论如何，简单但有用的编码方案将比另一个外部库更能说明问题，它提供了一些漂亮的算法。实际的解决方案非常简单:因为存在部分排序的数据桶，所以可以使用增量而不是数字。

随机输入测试结果稍好:

bucket[0] contains: 10103 numbers, compressed size: 13683 compression factor: 0.34
bucket[1] contains: 9885 numbers, compressed size: 13479 compression factor: 0.34
...
bucket[98] contains: 10026 numbers, compressed size: 13612 compression factor: 0.34
bucket[99] contains: 10058 numbers, compressed size: 13701 compression factor: 0.34
Data size: 3.85M compressed 1.31M compression factor 0.34

示例代码

  public static void encode(int[] buffer, int length, BinaryOut output) {
    short size = (short)(length & 0x7FFF);

    output.write(size);
    output.write(buffer[0]);

    for(int i=1; i< size; i++) {
        int next = buffer[i] - buffer[i-1];
        int bits = getBinarySize(next);

        int len = bits;

        if(bits > 24) {
          output.write(3, 2);
          len = bits - 24;
        }else if(bits > 16) {
          output.write(2, 2);
          len = bits-16;
        }else if(bits > 8) {
          output.write(1, 2);
          len = bits - 8;
        }else{
          output.write(0, 2);
        }

        if (len > 0) {
            if ((len % 2) > 0) {
                len = len / 2;
                output.write(len, 2);
                output.write(false);
            } else {
                len = len / 2 - 1;
                output.write(len, 2);
            }

            output.write(next, bits);
        }
    }
}

public static short decode(BinaryIn input, int[] buffer, int offset) {
    short length = input.readShort();
    int value = input.readInt();
    buffer[offset] = value;

    for (int i = 1; i < length; i++) {
        int flag = input.readInt(2);

        int bits;
        int next = 0;
        switch (flag) {
            case 0:
                bits = 2 * input.readInt(2) + 2;
                next = input.readInt(bits);
                break;
            case 1:
                bits = 8 + 2 * input.readInt(2) +2;
                next = input.readInt(bits);
                break;
            case 2:
                bits = 16 + 2 * input.readInt(2) +2;
                next = input.readInt(bits);
                break;
            case 3:
                bits = 24 + 2 * input.readInt(2) +2;
                next = input.readInt(bits);
                break;
        }

        buffer[offset + i] = buffer[offset + i - 1] + next;
    }

   return length;
}

请注意，这种方法:

不消耗大量内存 使用流 提供了不那么坏的结果

完整的代码可以在这里找到，BinaryInput和BinaryOutput实现可以在这里找到

最终结论

没有最终结论:)有时候，从元级别的角度来回顾一下任务，这确实是个好主意。

花点时间完成这个任务很有趣。顺便说一下，下面有很多有趣的答案。感谢您的关注和愉快的编码。

Gilmanov的答案在假设上是非常错误的。它开始基于毫无意义的一百万个连续整数进行推测。这意味着没有差距。这些随机的间隙，不管有多小，真的是一个糟糕的主意。

你自己试试。获得100万个27位随机整数，对它们排序，用7-Zip, xz压缩，任何你想要的LZMA。结果超过1.5 MB。上面的前提是连续数字的压缩。即使是增量编码也超过1.1 MB。没关系，这使用了超过100 MB的RAM进行压缩。因此，即使压缩的整数也不适合这个问题，更不用说运行时RAM的使用了。

让我难过的是，人们竟然投票支持漂亮的图像和合理化。

#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>

int32_t ints[1000000]; // Random 27-bit integers

int cmpi32(const void *a, const void *b) {
    return ( *(int32_t *)a - *(int32_t *)b );
}

int main() {
    int32_t *pi = ints; // Pointer to input ints (REPLACE W/ read from net)

    // Fill pseudo-random integers of 27 bits
    srand(time(NULL));
    for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
        ints[i] = rand() & ((1<<27) - 1); // Random 32 bits masked to 27 bits

    qsort(ints, 1000000, sizeof (ints[0]), cmpi32); // Sort 1000000 int32s

    // Now delta encode, optional, store differences to previous int
    for (int i = 1, prev = ints[0]; i < 1000000; i++) {
        ints[i] -= prev;
        prev    += ints[i];
    }

    FILE *f = fopen("ints.bin", "w");
    fwrite(ints, 4, 1000000, f);
    fclose(f);
    exit(0);

}

现在用LZMA压缩ints.bin…

    $ xz -f --keep ints.bin       # 100 MB RAM
    $ 7z a ints.bin.7z ints.bin   # 130 MB RAM
    $ ls -lh ints.bin*
        3.8M ints.bin
        1.1M ints.bin.7z
        1.2M ints.bin.xz

在10^8的范围内有10^6个值，所以平均每100个码点有一个值。存储第N个点到第(N+1)个点的距离。重复值的跳过值为0。这意味着跳跃平均需要7比特来存储，所以100万个跳跃将很适合我们的800万比特存储空间。

这些跳跃需要被编码成一个比特流，比如通过霍夫曼编码。插入是通过遍历比特流并在新值之后重写。通过遍历并写出隐含值来输出。出于实用性考虑，它可能被做成10^4个列表，每个列表包含10^4个代码点(平均100个值)。

随机数据的霍夫曼树可以通过假设跳跃长度上的泊松分布(均值=方差=100)先验地构建，但可以在输入上保留真实的统计数据，并用于生成处理病理病例的最佳树。

下面是一些可以解决这个问题的c++代码。

满足内存约束的证明:

编辑:无论是在这篇文章中还是在他的博客中，都没有作者提供的最大内存要求的证据。由于编码值所需的比特数取决于先前编码的值，因此这样的证明可能不是简单的。作者指出，根据经验，他可能遇到的最大编码大小是1011732，并任意选择了1013000的缓冲区大小。

typedef unsigned int u32;

namespace WorkArea
{
    static const u32 circularSize = 253250;
    u32 circular[circularSize] = { 0 };         // consumes 1013000 bytes

    static const u32 stageSize = 8000;
    u32 stage[stageSize];                       // consumes 32000 bytes

    ...

这两个数组总共占用1045000字节的存储空间。剩下1048576 - 1045000 - 2×1024 = 1528字节作为剩余变量和堆栈空间。

它在我的至强W3520上运行大约23秒。您可以使用以下Python脚本验证程序是否工作，假设程序名称为sort1mb.exe。

from subprocess import *
import random

sequence = [random.randint(0, 99999999) for i in xrange(1000000)]

sorter = Popen('sort1mb.exe', stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)
for value in sequence:
    sorter.stdin.write('%08d\n' % value)
sorter.stdin.close()

result = [int(line) for line in sorter.stdout]
print('OK!' if result == sorted(sequence) else 'Error!')

该算法的详细解释可以在以下一系列帖子中找到:

1MB排序说明 算术编码与1MB排序问题 使用定点数学的算术编码