下面是一些可以解决这个问题的c++代码。

满足内存约束的证明:

编辑:无论是在这篇文章中还是在他的博客中，都没有作者提供的最大内存要求的证据。由于编码值所需的比特数取决于先前编码的值，因此这样的证明可能不是简单的。作者指出，根据经验，他可能遇到的最大编码大小是1011732，并任意选择了1013000的缓冲区大小。

typedef unsigned int u32;

namespace WorkArea
{
    static const u32 circularSize = 253250;
    u32 circular[circularSize] = { 0 };         // consumes 1013000 bytes

    static const u32 stageSize = 8000;
    u32 stage[stageSize];                       // consumes 32000 bytes

    ...

这两个数组总共占用1045000字节的存储空间。剩下1048576 - 1045000 - 2×1024 = 1528字节作为剩余变量和堆栈空间。

它在我的至强W3520上运行大约23秒。您可以使用以下Python脚本验证程序是否工作，假设程序名称为sort1mb.exe。

from subprocess import *
import random

sequence = [random.randint(0, 99999999) for i in xrange(1000000)]

sorter = Popen('sort1mb.exe', stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)
for value in sequence:
    sorter.stdin.write('%08d\n' % value)
sorter.stdin.close()

result = [int(line) for line in sorter.stdout]
print('OK!' if result == sorted(sequence) else 'Error!')

该算法的详细解释可以在以下一系列帖子中找到:

1MB排序说明 算术编码与1MB排序问题 使用定点数学的算术编码

我有一台有1M内存的电脑，没有其他本地存储

另一种作弊方法:你可以使用非本地(网络)存储代替(你的问题不排除这一点)，调用一个网络服务，它可以使用直接的基于磁盘的归并排序(或者只需要足够的RAM来在内存中排序，因为你只需要接受1M的数字)，而不需要(公认非常巧妙的)已经给出的解决方案。

这可能是作弊，但不清楚你是在寻找一个现实问题的解决方案，还是一个让人扭曲规则的谜题……如果是后者，那么简单的欺骗可能比复杂但“真实”的解决方案(正如其他人指出的那样，后者只能用于可压缩输入)得到更好的结果。

如果输入流可以接收几次，这就容易多了(没有关于这方面的信息，想法和时间性能问题)。然后，我们可以数小数。有了计数值，就很容易生成输出流。通过计算值来压缩。 这取决于输入流中的内容。

诀窍是将算法状态表示为“增量计数器”=“+”和“输出计数器”=“!”字符的压缩流，这是一个整数多集。例如，集合{0,3,3,4}将被表示为“!+++!!+!”，后面跟着任意数量的“+”字符。要修改多集，您可以输出字符，每次只保持恒定的解压缩量，并在以压缩形式流回之前进行适当的更改。

细节

我们知道最终集合中恰好有10^6个数字，所以最多有10^6个“!”字符。我们还知道我们的范围大小为10^8，这意味着最多有10^8个“+”字符。10^6 "的排列方式!s在10^8 "+"s中的值是(10^8 + 10^6)选10^6，因此指定某种特定的排列需要大约0.965 MiB '的数据。那太紧了。

我们可以独立对待每个角色而不超出我们的配额。“+”字符正好是“!”字符的100倍，如果我们忘记了它们是相互依赖的，那么每个字符是“+”的概率就简化为100:1。100:101的几率对应于每个字符0.08位，对于几乎相同的~0.965 MiB(忽略依赖关系在这种情况下只有~12位的代价!)

The simplest technique for storing independent characters with known prior probability is Huffman coding. Note that we need an impractically large tree (A huffman tree for blocks of 10 characters has an average cost per block of about 2.4 bits, for a total of ~2.9 Mib. A huffman tree for blocks of 20 characters has an average cost per block of about 3 bits, which is a total of ~1.8 MiB. We're probably going to need a block of size on the order of a hundred, implying more nodes in our tree than all the computer equipment that has ever existed can store.). However, ROM is technically "free" according to the problem and practical solutions that take advantage of the regularity in the tree will look essentially the same.

伪代码

Have a sufficiently large huffman tree (or similar block-by-block compression data) stored in ROM Start with a compressed string of 10^8 "+" characters. To insert the number N, stream out the compressed string until N "+" characters have gone past then insert a "!". Stream the recompressed string back over the previous one as you go, keeping a constant amount of buffered blocks to avoid over/under-runs. Repeat one million times: [input, stream decompress>insert>compress], then decompress to output

到目前为止，这里还没有提到一个相当狡猾的技巧。我们假设您没有额外的方法来存储数据，但严格来说这并不正确。

解决问题的一种方法是做以下可怕的事情，任何人在任何情况下都不应该尝试:使用网络流量存储数据。不，我指的不是NAS。

你可以用以下方法对只有几个字节内存的数字进行排序:

首先取两个变量:COUNTER和VALUE。 首先将所有寄存器设置为0; 每次你收到一个整数I，增加COUNTER并将VALUE设置为max(VALUE, I); 然后向路由器发送数据集为I的ICMP echo请求报文。擦掉I，重复。 每次收到返回的ICMP包时，只需提取整数并在另一个回显请求中再次发送出去。这将产生大量的ICMP请求，其中包含整数。

Once COUNTER reaches 1000000, you have all of the values stored in the incessant stream of ICMP requests, and VALUE now contains the maximum integer. Pick some threshold T >> 1000000. Set COUNTER to zero. Every time you receive an ICMP packet, increment COUNTER and send the contained integer I back out in another echo request, unless I=VALUE, in which case transmit it to the destination for the sorted integers. Once COUNTER=T, decrement VALUE by 1, reset COUNTER to zero and repeat. Once VALUE reaches zero you should have transmitted all integers in order from largest to smallest to the destination, and have only used about 47 bits of RAM for the two persistent variables (and whatever small amount you need for the temporary values).

我知道这很可怕，我知道可能会有各种各样的实际问题，但我想这可能会让你们中的一些人发笑，或者至少会吓到你们。

请参阅第一个正确答案或后面带有算术编码的答案。下面你可能会发现一些有趣的，但不是100%防弹的解决方案。

这是一个非常有趣的任务，这里有另一个解决方案。我希望有人会觉得这个结果有用(或者至少有趣)。

阶段1:初始数据结构，粗略压缩方法，基本结果

Let's do some simple math: we have 1M (1048576 bytes) of RAM initially available to store 10^6 8 digit decimal numbers. [0;99999999]. So to store one number 27 bits are needed (taking the assumption that unsigned numbers will be used). Thus, to store a raw stream ~3.5M of RAM will be needed. Somebody already said it doesn't seem to be feasible, but I would say the task can be solved if the input is "good enough". Basically, the idea is to compress the input data with compression factor 0.29 or higher and do sorting in a proper manner.

让我们先解决压缩问题。有一些相关的测试已经可用:

http://www.theeggeadventure.com/wikimedia/index.php/Java_Data_Compression

“我运行了一个测试，压缩100万个连续整数使用 各种形式的压缩。结果如下:

None     4000027
Deflate  2006803
Filtered 1391833
BZip2    427067
Lzma     255040

看起来LZMA (Lempel-Ziv-Markov链算法)是一个很好的选择。我准备了一个简单的PoC，但仍有一些细节需要强调:

Memory is limited so the idea is to presort numbers and use compressed buckets (dynamic size) as temporary storage It is easier to achieve a better compression factor with presorted data, so there is a static buffer for each bucket (numbers from the buffer are to be sorted before LZMA) Each bucket holds a specific range, so the final sort can be done for each bucket separately Bucket's size can be properly set, so there will be enough memory to decompress stored data and do the final sort for each bucket separately

请注意，所附的代码是一个POC，它不能用作最终解决方案，它只是演示了使用几个较小的缓冲区以某种最佳方式(可能是压缩)存储预排序数字的想法。LZMA并不是最终的解决方案。它被用作向这个PoC引入压缩的最快方法。

请看下面的PoC代码(请注意它只是一个演示，要编译它将需要LZMA-Java):

public class MemorySortDemo {

static final int NUM_COUNT = 1000000;
static final int NUM_MAX   = 100000000;

static final int BUCKETS      = 5;
static final int DICT_SIZE    = 16 * 1024; // LZMA dictionary size
static final int BUCKET_SIZE  = 1024;
static final int BUFFER_SIZE  = 10 * 1024;
static final int BUCKET_RANGE = NUM_MAX / BUCKETS;

static class Producer {
    private Random random = new Random();
    public int produce() { return random.nextInt(NUM_MAX); }
}

static class Bucket {
    public int size, pointer;
    public int[] buffer = new int[BUFFER_SIZE];

    public ByteArrayOutputStream tempOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
    public DataOutputStream tempDataOut = new DataOutputStream(tempOut);
    public ByteArrayOutputStream compressedOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

    public void submitBuffer() throws IOException {
        Arrays.sort(buffer, 0, pointer);

        for (int j = 0; j < pointer; j++) {
            tempDataOut.writeInt(buffer[j]);
            size++;
        }            
        pointer = 0;
    }

    public void write(int value) throws IOException {
        if (isBufferFull()) {
            submitBuffer();
        }
        buffer[pointer++] = value;
    }

    public boolean isBufferFull() {
        return pointer == BUFFER_SIZE;
    }

    public byte[] compressData() throws IOException {
        tempDataOut.close();
        return compress(tempOut.toByteArray());
    }        

    private byte[] compress(byte[] input) throws IOException {
        final BufferedInputStream in = new BufferedInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(input));
        final DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(new BufferedOutputStream(compressedOut));

        final Encoder encoder = new Encoder();
        encoder.setEndMarkerMode(true);
        encoder.setNumFastBytes(0x20);
        encoder.setDictionarySize(DICT_SIZE);
        encoder.setMatchFinder(Encoder.EMatchFinderTypeBT4);

        ByteArrayOutputStream encoderPrperties = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        encoder.writeCoderProperties(encoderPrperties);
        encoderPrperties.flush();
        encoderPrperties.close();

        encoder.code(in, out, -1, -1, null);
        out.flush();
        out.close();
        in.close();

        return encoderPrperties.toByteArray();
    }

    public int[] decompress(byte[] properties) throws IOException {
        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(compressedOut.toByteArray());
        ByteArrayOutputStream data = new ByteArrayOutputStream(10 * 1024);
        BufferedOutputStream out = new BufferedOutputStream(data);

        Decoder decoder = new Decoder();
        decoder.setDecoderProperties(properties);
        decoder.code(in, out, 4 * size);

        out.flush();
        out.close();
        in.close();

        DataInputStream input = new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(data.toByteArray()));
        int[] array = new int[size];
        for (int k = 0; k < size; k++) {
            array[k] = input.readInt();
        }

        return array;
    }
}

static class Sorter {
    private Bucket[] bucket = new Bucket[BUCKETS];

    public void doSort(Producer p, Consumer c) throws IOException {

        for (int i = 0; i < bucket.length; i++) {  // allocate buckets
            bucket[i] = new Bucket();
        }

        for(int i=0; i< NUM_COUNT; i++) {         // produce some data
            int value = p.produce();
            int bucketId = value/BUCKET_RANGE;
            bucket[bucketId].write(value);
            c.register(value);
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < bucket.length; i++) { // submit non-empty buffers
            bucket[i].submitBuffer();
        }

        byte[] compressProperties = null;
        for (int i = 0; i < bucket.length; i++) { // compress the data
            compressProperties = bucket[i].compressData();
        }

        printStatistics();

        for (int i = 0; i < bucket.length; i++) { // decode & sort buckets one by one
            int[] array = bucket[i].decompress(compressProperties);
            Arrays.sort(array);

            for(int v : array) {
                c.consume(v);
            }
        }
        c.finalCheck();
    }

    public void printStatistics() {
        int size = 0;
        int sizeCompressed = 0;

        for (int i = 0; i < BUCKETS; i++) {
            int bucketSize = 4*bucket[i].size;
            size += bucketSize;
            sizeCompressed += bucket[i].compressedOut.size();

            System.out.println("  bucket[" + i
                    + "] contains: " + bucket[i].size
                    + " numbers, compressed size: " + bucket[i].compressedOut.size()
                    + String.format(" compression factor: %.2f", ((double)bucket[i].compressedOut.size())/bucketSize));
        }

        System.out.println(String.format("Data size: %.2fM",(double)size/(1014*1024))
                + String.format(" compressed %.2fM",(double)sizeCompressed/(1014*1024))
                + String.format(" compression factor %.2f",(double)sizeCompressed/size));
    }
}

static class Consumer {
    private Set<Integer> values = new HashSet<>();

    int v = -1;
    public void consume(int value) {
        if(v < 0) v = value;

        if(v > value) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Current value is greater than previous: " + v + " > " + value);
        }else{
            v = value;
            values.remove(value);
        }
    }

    public void register(int value) {
        values.add(value);
    }

    public void finalCheck() {
        System.out.println(values.size() > 0 ? "NOT OK: " + values.size() : "OK!");
    }
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
    Producer p = new Producer();
    Consumer c = new Consumer();
    Sorter sorter = new Sorter();

    sorter.doSort(p, c);
}
}

对于随机数，它产生如下结果:

bucket[0] contains: 200357 numbers, compressed size: 353679 compression factor: 0.44
bucket[1] contains: 199465 numbers, compressed size: 352127 compression factor: 0.44
bucket[2] contains: 199682 numbers, compressed size: 352464 compression factor: 0.44
bucket[3] contains: 199949 numbers, compressed size: 352947 compression factor: 0.44
bucket[4] contains: 200547 numbers, compressed size: 353914 compression factor: 0.44
Data size: 3.85M compressed 1.70M compression factor 0.44

对于一个简单的升序序列(使用一个桶)，它产生:

bucket[0] contains: 1000000 numbers, compressed size: 256700 compression factor: 0.06
Data size: 3.85M compressed 0.25M compression factor 0.06

EDIT

结论:

不要试图欺骗大自然 使用更简单的压缩和更低的内存占用 确实需要一些额外的线索。普通的防弹方案似乎并不可行。

第二阶段:强化压缩，最终结论

正如在前一节中已经提到的，任何合适的压缩技术都可以使用。因此，让我们摒弃LZMA，转而采用更简单、更好(如果可能的话)的方法。有很多好的解决方案，包括算术编码，基树等。

无论如何，简单但有用的编码方案将比另一个外部库更能说明问题，它提供了一些漂亮的算法。实际的解决方案非常简单:因为存在部分排序的数据桶，所以可以使用增量而不是数字。

随机输入测试结果稍好:

bucket[0] contains: 10103 numbers, compressed size: 13683 compression factor: 0.34
bucket[1] contains: 9885 numbers, compressed size: 13479 compression factor: 0.34
...
bucket[98] contains: 10026 numbers, compressed size: 13612 compression factor: 0.34
bucket[99] contains: 10058 numbers, compressed size: 13701 compression factor: 0.34
Data size: 3.85M compressed 1.31M compression factor 0.34

示例代码

  public static void encode(int[] buffer, int length, BinaryOut output) {
    short size = (short)(length & 0x7FFF);

    output.write(size);
    output.write(buffer[0]);

    for(int i=1; i< size; i++) {
        int next = buffer[i] - buffer[i-1];
        int bits = getBinarySize(next);

        int len = bits;

        if(bits > 24) {
          output.write(3, 2);
          len = bits - 24;
        }else if(bits > 16) {
          output.write(2, 2);
          len = bits-16;
        }else if(bits > 8) {
          output.write(1, 2);
          len = bits - 8;
        }else{
          output.write(0, 2);
        }

        if (len > 0) {
            if ((len % 2) > 0) {
                len = len / 2;
                output.write(len, 2);
                output.write(false);
            } else {
                len = len / 2 - 1;
                output.write(len, 2);
            }

            output.write(next, bits);
        }
    }
}

public static short decode(BinaryIn input, int[] buffer, int offset) {
    short length = input.readShort();
    int value = input.readInt();
    buffer[offset] = value;

    for (int i = 1; i < length; i++) {
        int flag = input.readInt(2);

        int bits;
        int next = 0;
        switch (flag) {
            case 0:
                bits = 2 * input.readInt(2) + 2;
                next = input.readInt(bits);
                break;
            case 1:
                bits = 8 + 2 * input.readInt(2) +2;
                next = input.readInt(bits);
                break;
            case 2:
                bits = 16 + 2 * input.readInt(2) +2;
                next = input.readInt(bits);
                break;
            case 3:
                bits = 24 + 2 * input.readInt(2) +2;
                next = input.readInt(bits);
                break;
        }

        buffer[offset + i] = buffer[offset + i - 1] + next;
    }

   return length;
}

请注意，这种方法:

不消耗大量内存 使用流 提供了不那么坏的结果

完整的代码可以在这里找到，BinaryInput和BinaryOutput实现可以在这里找到

最终结论

没有最终结论:)有时候，从元级别的角度来回顾一下任务，这确实是个好主意。

花点时间完成这个任务很有趣。顺便说一下，下面有很多有趣的答案。感谢您的关注和愉快的编码。