这个问题最初同时被标记为c和c++。原始代码在C和c++中都是无效的，但原因完全不同，互不相关。

In C++ this code is invalid because the case ANOTHER_VAL: label jumps into the scope of variable newVal bypassing its initialization. Jumps that bypass initialization of automatic objects are illegal in C++. This side of the issue is correctly addressed by most answers. However, in C language bypassing variable initialization is not an error. Jumping into the scope of a variable over its initialization is legal in C. It simply means that the variable is left uninitialized. The original code does not compile in C for a completely different reason. Label case VAL: in the original code is attached to the declaration of variable newVal. In C language declarations are not statements. They cannot be labeled. And this is what causes the error when this code is interpreted as C code. switch (val) { case VAL: /* <- C error is here */ int newVal = 42; break; case ANOTHER_VAL: /* <- C++ error is here */ ... break; } Adding an extra {} block fixes both C++ and C problems, even though these problems happen to be very different. On the C++ side it restricts the scope of newVal, making sure that case ANOTHER_VAL: no longer jumps into that scope, which eliminates the C++ issue. On the C side that extra {} introduces a compound statement, thus making the case VAL: label to apply to a statement, which eliminates the C issue. In C case the problem can be easily solved without the {}. Just add an empty statement after the case VAL: label and the code will become valid switch (val) { case VAL:; /* Now it works in C! */ int newVal = 42; break; case ANOTHER_VAL: ... break; } Note that even though it is now valid from C point of view, it remains invalid from C++ point of view. Symmetrically, in C++ case the the problem can be easily solved without the {}. Just remove the initializer from variable declaration and the code will become valid switch (val) { case VAL: int newVal; newVal = 42; break; case ANOTHER_VAL: /* Now it works in C++! */ ... break; } Note that even though it is now valid from C++ point of view, it remains invalid from C point of view.

从C23开始，C语言中的所有标签都将被解释为标签隐含的空语句(N2508)，也就是说，在C语言中不能将标签放在声明前面的问题将不再存在，并且不再需要上述基于;的修复。

这个问题的答案是我写的。然而，当我完成它，我发现答案已经关闭。所以我把它贴在这里，也许喜欢参考标准的人会发现它很有用。

问题的原始代码:

int i;
i = 2;
switch(i)
{
    case 1: 
        int k;
        break;
    case 2:
        k = 1;
        cout<<k<<endl;
        break;
}

实际上有两个问题:

1. 为什么我可以在case标签后声明一个变量?

这是因为在c++中标签必须是这样的:

N3337 6.1/1

标记语句: … 属性说明符-seqopt case常量表达式:语句 …

在c++中声明语句也被认为是语句(与C相反):

N3337 6/1:

声明: .．. 说明语句 .．.

2. 为什么我可以跳过变量声明，然后使用它?

因为: N3337 6.7 / 3

It is possible to transfer into a block, but not in a way that bypasses declarations with initialization. A program that jumps (The transfer from the condition of a switch statement to a case label is considered a jump in this respect.) from a point where a variable with automatic storage duration is not in scope to a point where it is in scope is ill-formed unless the variable has scalar type, class type with a trivial default constructor and a trivial destructor, a cv-qualified version of one of these types, or an array of one of the preceding types and is declared without an initializer (8.5).

因为k是标量类型，并且在声明时没有初始化，跳过它的声明是可能的。这在语义上是等价的:

goto label;

int x;

label:
cout << x << endl;

然而，如果x在声明点初始化，这将是不可能的:

 goto label;

    int x = 58; //error, jumping over declaration with initialization

    label:
    cout << x << endl;

交换机的整个部分是一个单独的声明上下文。你不能像那样在case语句中声明变量。试试这个吧:

switch (val)  
{  
case VAL:
{
  // This will work
  int newVal = 42;
  break;
}
case ANOTHER_VAL:  
  ...
  break;
}

您不能这样做，因为case标签实际上只是包含块的入口点。

达夫的装置最清楚地说明了这一点。以下是一些来自维基百科的代码:

strcpy(char *to, char *from, size_t count) {
    int n = (count + 7) / 8;
    switch (count % 8) {
    case 0: do { *to = *from++;
    case 7:      *to = *from++;
    case 6:      *to = *from++;
    case 5:      *to = *from++;
    case 4:      *to = *from++;
    case 3:      *to = *from++;
    case 2:      *to = *from++;
    case 1:      *to = *from++;
               } while (--n > 0);
    }
}

请注意大小写标签是如何完全忽略块边界的。是的，这是邪恶的。但这就是为什么您的代码示例不起作用。跳转到case标签与使用goto相同，因此不允许跳过带有构造函数的局部变量。

正如其他几张海报所指出的那样，你需要放入自己的方块:

switch (...) {
    case FOO: {
        MyObject x(...);
        ...
        break; 
    }
    ...
 }

我最喜欢的邪恶切换技巧是使用if(0)跳过不需要的case标签。

switch(val)
{
case 0:
// Do something
if (0) {
case 1:
// Do something else
}
case 2:
// Do something in all cases
}

但非常邪恶。

到目前为止，答案都是c++。

对于c++，你不能跳过初始化。但是，在C语言中，声明不是语句，大小写标签后面必须跟着语句。

所以，有效(但丑陋)的C，无效的c++

switch (something)
{
  case 1:; // Ugly hack empty statement
    int i = 6;
    do_stuff_with_i(i);
    break;
  case 2:
    do_something();
    break;
  default:
    get_a_life();
}

相反，在c++中，声明是一个语句，因此下面的语句是有效的c++，无效的C

switch (something)
{
  case 1:
    do_something();
    break;
  case 2:
    int i = 12;
    do_something_else();
}