在ES6:

class MyError extends Error {
  constructor(message) {
    super(message);
    this.name = 'MyError';
  }
}

源

在上面的例子中。apply (also Error.call)不为我做任何事情(Firefox 3.6/Chrome 5)。我使用的一个变通方法是:

function MyError(message, fileName, lineNumber) {
    var err = new Error();

    if (err.stack) {
        // remove one stack level:
        if (typeof(Components) != 'undefined') {
            // Mozilla:
            this.stack = err.stack.substring(err.stack.indexOf('\n')+1);
        }
        else if (typeof(chrome) != 'undefined' || typeof(process) != 'undefined') {
            // Google Chrome/Node.js:
            this.stack = err.stack.replace(/\n[^\n]*/,'');
        }
        else {
            this.stack = err.stack;
        }
    }
    this.message    = message    === undefined ? err.message    : message;
    this.fileName   = fileName   === undefined ? err.fileName   : fileName;
    this.lineNumber = lineNumber === undefined ? err.lineNumber : lineNumber;
}

MyError.prototype = new Error();
MyError.prototype.constructor = MyError;
MyError.prototype.name = 'MyError';

重要提示:这个答案来自2016年，现在可能已经过时了。JavaScript总体上，特别是Node.js进步了很多，现在提供了更多的语法可能性来实现相同的结果。下面的内容是出于历史原因而保留的，只是为了以防有人正在处理遗留的Node.js版本。

最初的回答:

为了完整起见——因为之前的回答都没有提到这个方法——如果你正在使用Node.js，不必关心浏览器兼容性，那么使用内置的util模块继承(官方文档在这里)就很容易达到预期的效果。

例如，假设你想要创建一个自定义错误类，将错误代码作为第一个参数，错误消息作为第二个参数:

文件custom-error.js:

'use strict';

var util = require('util');

function CustomError(code, message) {
  Error.captureStackTrace(this, CustomError);
  this.name = CustomError.name;
  this.code = code;
  this.message = message;
}

util.inherits(CustomError, Error);

module.exports = CustomError;

现在你可以实例化并传递/抛出你的CustomError:

var CustomError = require('./path/to/custom-error');

// pass as the first argument to your callback
callback(new CustomError(404, 'Not found!'));

// or, if you are working with try/catch, throw it
throw new CustomError(500, 'Server Error!');

注意，对于这个代码片段，堆栈跟踪将具有正确的文件名和行，错误实例将具有正确的名称!

这是由于使用了captureStackTrace方法，该方法在目标对象上创建了一个堆栈属性(在本例中，实例化了CustomError)。有关它如何工作的更多细节，请查看这里的文档。

正如其他人所说，在Node中，这很简单:

class DumbError extends Error {
    constructor(foo = 'bar', ...params) {
        super(...params);

        if (Error.captureStackTrace) {
            Error.captureStackTrace(this, DumbError);
        }

        this.name = 'DumbError';

        this.foo = foo;
        this.date = new Date();
    }
}

try {
    let x = 3;
    if (x < 10) {
        throw new DumbError();
    }
} catch (error) {
    console.log(error);
}

Error对象拥有的唯一标准字段是message属性。(参见MDN或EcmaScript语言规范，第15.11节)其他一切都是特定于平台的。

大多数环境都设置了堆栈属性，但是fileName和lineNumber在继承中实际上是无用的。

所以，极简主义的方法是:

function MyError(message) {
    this.name = 'MyError';
    this.message = message;
    this.stack = (new Error()).stack;
}
MyError.prototype = new Error;  // <-- remove this if you do not 
                                //     want MyError to be instanceof Error

您可以嗅探堆栈，从堆栈中移除不需要的元素，并提取文件名和lineNumber等信息，但这样做需要有关JavaScript当前运行的平台的信息。大多数情况下，这是不必要的——如果你真的想，你可以在事后进行分析。

Safari是个明显的例外。没有堆栈属性，但是throw关键字设置了被抛出对象的sourceURL和line属性。这些东西肯定是正确的。

我使用的测试用例可以在这里找到:JavaScript自制错误对象比较。

Mohsen has a great answer above in ES6 that sets the name, but if you're using TypeScript or if you're living in the future where hopefully this proposal for public and private class fields has moved past stage 3 as a proposal and made it into stage 4 as part of ECMAScript/JavaScript then you might want to know this is then just a little bit shorter. Stage 3 is where browsers start implementing features, so if your browser supports it the code below just might work. (Tested in the new Edge browser v81 it seems to work fine). Be warned though this is an unstable feature at the moment and should be used cautiously and you should always check browser support on unstable features. This post is mainly for those future dwellers when browsers might support this. To check support check MDN and Can I use. It's currently got 66% support across the browser market which is getting there but not that great so if you really want to use it now and don't want to wait either use a transpiler like Babel or something like TypeScript.

类EOFError扩展错误{ name = " EOFError " ｝ 抛出新的EOFError("Oops error ");

将此与一个无名错误进行比较，该错误在抛出时不会记录其名称。

类NamelessEOFError扩展错误{} 抛出新的NamelessEOFError("Oops error ");