Python中的“iterable”、“iterator”和“iteration”是什么?它们是如何定义的?


当前回答

以下是我在教授Python课程时使用的解释:

ITERABLE是:

任何可以循环的东西(例如,你可以循环一个字符串或文件)或 任何可以出现在for循环右边的东西:for x in iterable:…或 任何你可以用iter()调用并返回ITERATOR: iter(obj)或 一个定义__iter__的对象,该对象返回一个新的ITERATOR, 或者它可能有一个适合索引查找的__getitem__方法。

ITERATOR是一个对象:

在迭代过程中,state会记住它的位置, 使用__next__方法: 返回迭代中的下一个值 更新状态以指向下一个值 信号,当它完成时,引发StopIteration 并且它是可自迭代的(意味着它有一个返回self的__iter__方法)。

注:

Python 3中的__next__方法在Python 2中拼写为next,并且 内置函数next()在传递给它的对象上调用该方法。

例如:

>>> s = 'cat'      # s is an ITERABLE
                   # s is a str object that is immutable
                   # s has no state
                   # s has a __getitem__() method 

>>> t = iter(s)    # t is an ITERATOR
                   # t has state (it starts by pointing at the "c"
                   # t has a next() method and an __iter__() method

>>> next(t)        # the next() function returns the next value and advances the state
'c'
>>> next(t)        # the next() function returns the next value and advances
'a'
>>> next(t)        # the next() function returns the next value and advances
't'
>>> next(t)        # next() raises StopIteration to signal that iteration is complete
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
StopIteration

>>> iter(t) is t   # the iterator is self-iterable

其他回答

下面是我的小抄:

 sequence
  +
  |
  v
   def __getitem__(self, index: int):
  +    ...
  |    raise IndexError
  |
  |
  |              def __iter__(self):
  |             +     ...
  |             |     return <iterator>
  |             |
  |             |
  +--> or <-----+        def __next__(self):
       +        |       +    ...
       |        |       |    raise StopIteration
       v        |       |
    iterable    |       |
           +    |       |
           |    |       v
           |    +----> and +-------> iterator
           |                               ^
           v                               |
   iter(<iterable>) +----------------------+
                                           |
   def generator():                        |
  +    yield 1                             |
  |                 generator_expression +-+
  |                                        |
  +-> generator() +-> generator_iterator +-+

小测验:你看到…

每个迭代器都是可迭代对象? 容器对象的__iter__()方法可以实现为生成器? 具有__next__方法的迭代器不一定是迭代器?

答案:

Every iterator must have an __iter__ method. Having __iter__ is enough to be an iterable. Therefore every iterator is an iterable. When __iter__ is called it should return an iterator (return <iterator> in the diagram above). Calling a generator returns a generator iterator which is a type of iterator. class Iterable1: def __iter__(self): # a method (which is a function defined inside a class body) # calling iter() converts iterable (tuple) to iterator return iter((1,2,3)) class Iterable2: def __iter__(self): # a generator for i in (1, 2, 3): yield i class Iterable3: def __iter__(self): # with PEP 380 syntax yield from (1, 2, 3) # passes assert list(Iterable1()) == list(Iterable2()) == list(Iterable3()) == [1, 2, 3] Here is an example: class MyIterable: def __init__(self): self.n = 0 def __getitem__(self, index: int): return (1, 2, 3)[index] def __next__(self): n = self.n = self.n + 1 if n > 3: raise StopIteration return n # if you can iter it without raising a TypeError, then it's an iterable. iter(MyIterable()) # but obviously `MyIterable()` is not an iterator since it does not have # an `__iter__` method. from collections.abc import Iterator assert isinstance(MyIterable(), Iterator) # AssertionError

以下是我在教授Python课程时使用的解释:

ITERABLE是:

任何可以循环的东西(例如,你可以循环一个字符串或文件)或 任何可以出现在for循环右边的东西:for x in iterable:…或 任何你可以用iter()调用并返回ITERATOR: iter(obj)或 一个定义__iter__的对象,该对象返回一个新的ITERATOR, 或者它可能有一个适合索引查找的__getitem__方法。

ITERATOR是一个对象:

在迭代过程中,state会记住它的位置, 使用__next__方法: 返回迭代中的下一个值 更新状态以指向下一个值 信号,当它完成时,引发StopIteration 并且它是可自迭代的(意味着它有一个返回self的__iter__方法)。

注:

Python 3中的__next__方法在Python 2中拼写为next,并且 内置函数next()在传递给它的对象上调用该方法。

例如:

>>> s = 'cat'      # s is an ITERABLE
                   # s is a str object that is immutable
                   # s has no state
                   # s has a __getitem__() method 

>>> t = iter(s)    # t is an ITERATOR
                   # t has state (it starts by pointing at the "c"
                   # t has a next() method and an __iter__() method

>>> next(t)        # the next() function returns the next value and advances the state
'c'
>>> next(t)        # the next() function returns the next value and advances
'a'
>>> next(t)        # the next() function returns the next value and advances
't'
>>> next(t)        # next() raises StopIteration to signal that iteration is complete
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
StopIteration

>>> iter(t) is t   # the iterator is self-iterable

迭代对象有一个__iter__方法,每次都会实例化一个新的迭代器。 迭代器实现了一个__next__方法返回单个项,以及一个__iter__方法返回self。 因此,迭代器也是可迭代的,但可迭代的不是迭代器。

卢西亚诺·拉马略,流利的蟒蛇。

迭代是一个通用术语,指一个接一个地获取某物的每一项。任何时候使用循环,显式或隐式,遍历一组项,这就是迭代。

在Python中,iterable和iterator有特定的含义。

iterable是一个具有__iter__方法的对象,该方法返回一个迭代器,或者定义了__getitem__方法,该方法可以接受从0开始的顺序索引(并在索引不再有效时引发IndexError)。iterable是一个你可以从中获取迭代器的对象。

迭代器是具有next (Python 2)或__next__ (Python 3)方法的对象。

无论何时在Python中使用for循环、map或列表推导式等,都会自动调用下一个方法从迭代器中获取每一项,从而完成迭代过程。

开始学习的一个好地方是教程的迭代器部分和标准类型页面的迭代器类型部分。在您理解了基础知识之后,请尝试函数式编程HOWTO中的迭代器部分。

对我来说,Python的glossery对这些问题最有帮助,例如对于iterable,它说:

每次能够返回一个成员的对象。可迭代对象的例子包括所有序列类型(如list、str和tuple)和一些非序列类型,如dict、文件对象,以及使用iter()方法或使用实现sequence语义的getitem()方法定义的任何类的对象。

Iterables can be used in a for loop and in many other places where a sequence is needed (zip(), map(), …). When an iterable object is passed as an argument to the built-in function iter(), it returns an iterator for the object. This iterator is good for one pass over the set of values. When using iterables, it is usually not necessary to call iter() or deal with iterator objects yourself. The for statement does that automatically for you, creating a temporary unnamed variable to hold the iterator for the duration of the loop. See also iterator, sequence, and generator.