我在一次面试中被问到这个问题。它们都是O(nlogn),但大多数人使用快速排序而不是归并排序。为什么呢?
当前回答
One of the reason is more philosophical. Quicksort is Top->Down philosophy. With n elements to sort, there are n! possibilities. With 2 partitions of m & n-m which are mutually exclusive, the number of possibilities go down in several orders of magnitude. m! * (n-m)! is smaller by several orders than n! alone. imagine 5! vs 3! *2!. 5! has 10 times more possibilities than 2 partitions of 2 & 3 each . and extrapolate to 1 million factorial vs 900K!*100K! vs. So instead of worrying about establishing any order within a range or a partition,just establish order at a broader level in partitions and reduce the possibilities within a partition. Any order established earlier within a range will be disturbed later if the partitions themselves are not mutually exclusive.
任何自下而上的排序方法,如归并排序或堆排序,就像工人或雇员的方法一样,人们很早就开始在微观层面进行比较。但是,一旦在它们之间发现了一个元素,这个顺序就必然会丢失。这些方法非常稳定和可预测,但要做一定量的额外工作。
Quick Sort is like Managerial approach where one is not initially concerned about any order , only about meeting a broad criterion with No regard for order. Then the partitions are narrowed until you get a sorted set. The real challenge in Quicksort is in finding a partition or criterion in the dark when you know nothing about the elements to sort. That is why we either need to spend some effort to find a median value or pick 1 at random or some arbitrary "Managerial" approach . To find a perfect median can take significant amount of effort and leads to a stupid bottom up approach again. So Quicksort says just a pick a random pivot and hope that it will be somewhere in the middle or do some work to find median of 3 , 5 or something more to find a better median but do not plan to be perfect & don't waste any time in initially ordering. That seems to do well if you are lucky or sometimes degrades to n^2 when you don't get a median but just take a chance. Any way data is random. right. So I agree more with the top ->down logical approach of quicksort & it turns out that the chance it takes about pivot selection & comparisons that it saves earlier seems to work better more times than any meticulous & thorough stable bottom ->up approach like merge sort. But
其他回答
我想补充的是,到目前为止提到的三种算法(归并排序,快速排序和堆排序)只有归并排序是稳定的。也就是说,对于那些具有相同键的值,顺序不会改变。在某些情况下,这是可取的。
但是,说实话,在实际情况下,大多数人只需要良好的平均性能和快速排序…快速=)
所有排序算法都有其起伏。有关排序算法的概述,请参阅维基百科的文章。
亩! 快速排序并不比归并排序更好,它非常适合于不同类型的应用。
归并排序是值得考虑的,如果速度是本质,糟糕的最差情况性能不能容忍,并且有额外的空间可用
你说他们«他们都是O(nlogn)[…]»。这是错误的。«快速排序使用大约n^2/2比较在最坏的情况下。
然而,根据我的经验,最重要的属性是在使用带有命令式范式的编程语言进行排序时,可以轻松实现顺序访问。
1 Sedgewick,算法
正如其他人所注意到的,快速排序的最坏情况是O(n²),而归并排序和堆排序则停留在O(nlogn)。然而,在平均情况下,这三个都是O(nlogn);所以它们在大多数情况下是可比较的。
平均而言,快速排序更好的地方在于,内循环意味着将多个值与单个值进行比较,而在其他两个循环中,每次比较时两个项都是不同的。换句话说,Quicksort的读取次数是其他两种算法的一半。在现代cpu上,访问时间在很大程度上决定了性能,因此快速排序最终成为一个很好的首选。
实际上,快速排序是O(n2)。它的平均情况运行时间是O(nlog(n)),但最坏情况是O(n2),这发生在在包含很少唯一项的列表上运行时。随机化花费O(n)。当然,这并没有改变最坏的情况,它只是防止恶意用户使您的排序花费很长时间。
快速排序更受欢迎,因为它:
(MergeSort需要额外的内存,与要排序的元素数量成线性关系)。 有一个小的隐藏常数。
在c/c++领域,当不使用stl容器时,我倾向于使用快速排序,因为它是构建的 进入运行时,而归并排序没有。
所以我相信,在许多情况下,这只是阻力最小的途径。
此外,对于整个数据集不适合工作集的情况,快速排序的性能可以高得多。