在归并排序中，一般算法为:

对左子数组进行排序 对右子数组进行排序 合并两个已排序的子数组

在顶层，合并两个已排序的子数组涉及处理N个元素。

再往下一层，第3步的每次迭代都涉及处理N/2个元素，但您必须重复此过程两次。所以你仍然在处理2 * N/2 == N个元素。

再往下一层，你要合并4 * N/4 == N个元素，以此类推。递归堆栈中的每个深度都涉及合并相同数量的元素，涉及对该深度的所有调用。

考虑一下快速排序算法:

选择一个枢轴点 将枢轴点放置在数组中的正确位置，所有较小的元素放在左边，较大的元素放在右边 对左子数组进行排序 对右子数组排序

在顶层，你处理的是一个大小为n的数组，然后选择一个枢轴点，把它放在正确的位置，然后可以在算法的其余部分完全忽略它。

再往下一层，您将处理2个子数组，它们的组合大小为N-1(即减去之前的枢轴点)。为每个子数组选择一个枢轴点，总共有2个额外的枢轴点。

再往下一层，您将处理4个子数组，它们的组合大小为N-3，原因与上面相同。

然后N-7…然后c15…然后N-32…

递归堆栈的深度保持大致相同(logN)。使用归并排序，你总是在递归堆栈的每一层处理n个元素的归并。但是使用快速排序，你要处理的元素数量会随着你在堆栈中向下移动而减少。例如，如果你在递归堆栈中查看深度，你正在处理的元素数量是N - 2^((logN)/2)) == N -根号(N)。

声明:对于归并排序，因为每次都将数组分割为两个完全相等的块，所以递归深度正好是logN。在快速排序时，由于枢轴点不太可能恰好位于数组的中间，因此递归堆栈的深度可能略大于logN。我还没有做过数学计算，看看这个因素和上面描述的因素在算法复杂性中究竟扮演了多大的角色。

One of the reason is more philosophical. Quicksort is Top->Down philosophy. With n elements to sort, there are n! possibilities. With 2 partitions of m & n-m which are mutually exclusive, the number of possibilities go down in several orders of magnitude. m! * (n-m)! is smaller by several orders than n! alone. imagine 5! vs 3! *2!. 5! has 10 times more possibilities than 2 partitions of 2 & 3 each . and extrapolate to 1 million factorial vs 900K!*100K! vs. So instead of worrying about establishing any order within a range or a partition,just establish order at a broader level in partitions and reduce the possibilities within a partition. Any order established earlier within a range will be disturbed later if the partitions themselves are not mutually exclusive.

任何自下而上的排序方法，如归并排序或堆排序，就像工人或雇员的方法一样，人们很早就开始在微观层面进行比较。但是，一旦在它们之间发现了一个元素，这个顺序就必然会丢失。这些方法非常稳定和可预测，但要做一定量的额外工作。

Quick Sort is like Managerial approach where one is not initially concerned about any order , only about meeting a broad criterion with No regard for order. Then the partitions are narrowed until you get a sorted set. The real challenge in Quicksort is in finding a partition or criterion in the dark when you know nothing about the elements to sort. That is why we either need to spend some effort to find a median value or pick 1 at random or some arbitrary "Managerial" approach . To find a perfect median can take significant amount of effort and leads to a stupid bottom up approach again. So Quicksort says just a pick a random pivot and hope that it will be somewhere in the middle or do some work to find median of 3 , 5 or something more to find a better median but do not plan to be perfect & don't waste any time in initially ordering. That seems to do well if you are lucky or sometimes degrades to n^2 when you don't get a median but just take a chance. Any way data is random. right. So I agree more with the top ->down logical approach of quicksort & it turns out that the chance it takes about pivot selection & comparisons that it saves earlier seems to work better more times than any meticulous & thorough stable bottom ->up approach like merge sort. But

我想补充的是，到目前为止提到的三种算法(归并排序，快速排序和堆排序)只有归并排序是稳定的。也就是说，对于那些具有相同键的值，顺序不会改变。在某些情况下，这是可取的。

但是，说实话，在实际情况下，大多数人只需要良好的平均性能和快速排序…快速=)

所有排序算法都有其起伏。有关排序算法的概述，请参阅维基百科的文章。

维基百科上关于快速排序的词条:

Quicksort also competes with mergesort, another recursive sort algorithm but with the benefit of worst-case Θ(nlogn) running time. Mergesort is a stable sort, unlike quicksort and heapsort, and can be easily adapted to operate on linked lists and very large lists stored on slow-to-access media such as disk storage or network attached storage. Although quicksort can be written to operate on linked lists, it will often suffer from poor pivot choices without random access. The main disadvantage of mergesort is that, when operating on arrays, it requires Θ(n) auxiliary space in the best case, whereas the variant of quicksort with in-place partitioning and tail recursion uses only Θ(logn) space. (Note that when operating on linked lists, mergesort only requires a small, constant amount of auxiliary storage.)

答案将略微倾向于快速排序w.r.t的变化带来的DualPivotQuickSort的基本值。它在JAVA 7中用于在JAVA .util. arrays中排序

It is proved that for the Dual-Pivot Quicksort the average number of
comparisons is 2*n*ln(n), the average number of swaps is 0.8*n*ln(n),
whereas classical Quicksort algorithm has 2*n*ln(n) and 1*n*ln(n)
respectively. Full mathematical proof see in attached proof.txt
and proof_add.txt files. Theoretical results are also confirmed
by experimental counting of the operations.

您可以在这里找到JAVA7实现- http://grepcode.com/file/repository.grepcode.com/java/root/jdk/openjdk/7-b147/java/util/Arrays.java

关于DualPivotQuickSort的进一步精彩阅读- http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.java.openjdk.core-libs.devel/2628

快速排序和合并排序的小增加。

它还可以依赖于排序项的类型。如果访问项、交换和比较不是简单的操作，就像比较平面内存中的整数一样，那么归并排序可能是更可取的算法。

例如，我们在远程服务器上使用网络协议对项目进行排序。

而且，在像“链表”这样的自定义容器中，也没有快速排序的好处。 1. 对链表进行归并排序，不需要额外的内存。 2. 快速排序中对元素的访问不是顺序的(在内存中)