这可能会帮助那些对选择速度算法感兴趣的人;最快的方法是(可能?)拒绝抽样。

只需在单位正方形内生成一个点，并拒绝它，直到它在圆内。如(伪代码),

def sample(r=1):
    while True:
        x = random(-1, 1)
        y = random(-1, 1)
        if x*x + y*y <= 1:
            return (x, y) * r

虽然有时它可能运行不止一次或两次(而且它不是常量时间，也不适合并行执行)，但它要快得多，因为它不使用像sin或cos这样复杂的公式。

朴素解不起作用的原因是它给了靠近圆中心的点更高的概率密度。换句话说，半径为r/2的圆被选中点的概率为r/2，但它的面积(点的数量)为*r^2/4。

因此，我们希望半径概率密度具有以下性质:

选择半径小于或等于给定r的概率必须与半径为r的圆的面积成正比(因为我们希望在点上有一个均匀的分布，面积越大意味着点越多)。

换句话说，我们希望在[0,r]之间选择半径的概率等于它在圆的总面积中所占的份额。圆的总面积是*R^2，半径为R的圆的面积是*R^2。因此，我们希望在[0,r]之间选择半径的概率为(pi*r^2)/(pi* r^2) = r^2/ r^2。

现在来算算:

The probability of choosing a radius between [0,r] is the integral of p(r) dr from 0 to r (that's just because we add all the probabilities of the smaller radii). Thus we want integral(p(r)dr) = r^2/R^2. We can clearly see that R^2 is a constant, so all we need to do is figure out which p(r), when integrated would give us something like r^2. The answer is clearly r * constant. integral(r * constant dr) = r^2/2 * constant. This has to be equal to r^2/R^2, therefore constant = 2/R^2. Thus you have the probability distribution p(r) = r * 2/R^2

Note: Another more intuitive way to think about the problem is to imagine that you are trying to give each circle of radius r a probability density equal to the proportion of the number of points it has on its circumference. Thus a circle which has radius r will have 2 * pi * r "points" on its circumference. The total number of points is pi * R^2. Thus you should give the circle r a probability equal to (2 * pi * r) / (pi * R^2) = 2 * r/R^2. This is much easier to understand and more intuitive, but it's not quite as mathematically sound.

让我们像阿基米德那样处理这个问题。

我们如何在三角形ABC中均匀地生成一个点，其中|AB|=|BC|?让我们把它扩展到平行四边形ABCD。在ABCD中很容易均匀地生成点。我们均匀地选择AB上的X点和BC上的Y点并选择Z使XBYZ是一个平行四边形。为了在原始三角形中得到一个均匀选择的点，我们只需将ADC中出现的任何点沿AC折叠回ABC。

现在考虑一个圆。在极限情况下，我们可以把它想象成无穷多个等腰三角形ABC, B在原点，A和C在周长上，彼此逐渐接近。我们可以从这些三角形中选择一个角。所以我们现在需要通过在ABC条上选择一点来生成到中心的距离。同样，延伸到ABCD, D现在是圆中心半径的两倍。

使用上述方法可以很容易地在ABCD中选择一个随机点。在AB上随机选一个点，在BC上随机选一个点。Ie。在[0,R]上取一对随机数字x和y，给出离中心的距离。三角形是一条细条AB和BC本质上是平行的。所以Z点到原点的距离是x+y。如果x+y >r我们向下折叠。

这是R=1的完整算法。我希望你同意这很简单。它使用三角函数，但您可以保证它需要多长时间，以及需要多少次random()调用，这与拒绝抽样不同。

t = 2*pi*random()
u = random()+random()
r = if u>1 then 2-u else u
[r*cos(t), r*sin(t)]

这里是Mathematica。

f[] := Block[{u, t, r},
  u = Random[] + Random[];
  t = Random[] 2 Pi;
  r = If[u > 1, 2 - u, u];
  {r Cos[t], r Sin[t]}
]

ListPlot[Table[f[], {10000}], AspectRatio -> Automatic]

半径和“靠近”该半径的点的数量之间存在线性关系，因此他需要使用半径分布，这也使得半径r附近的数据点的数量与r成正比。

我仍然不确定确切的“(2/R2)×r”，但显而易见的是，在给定的单位“dr”中需要分配的点的数量，即r的增加将与R2成正比，而不是r。

check this way...number of points at some angle theta and between r (0.1r to 0.2r) i.e. fraction of the r and number of points between r (0.6r to 0.7r) would be equal if you use standard generation, since the difference is only 0.1r between two intervals. but since area covered between points (0.6r to 0.7r) will be much larger than area covered between 0.1r to 0.2r, the equal number of points will be sparsely spaced in larger area, this I assume you already know, So the function to generate the random points must not be linear but quadratic, (since number of points required to be distributed in given unit 'dr' i.e. increase in r will be proportional to r2 and not r), so in this case it will be inverse of quadratic, since the delta we have (0.1r) in both intervals must be square of some function so it can act as seed value for linear generation of points (since afterwords, this seed is used linearly in sin and cos function), so we know, dr must be quadratic value and to make this seed quadratic, we need to originate this values from square root of r not r itself, I hope this makes it little more clear.

这可能会帮助那些对选择速度算法感兴趣的人;最快的方法是(可能?)拒绝抽样。

只需在单位正方形内生成一个点，并拒绝它，直到它在圆内。如(伪代码),

def sample(r=1):
    while True:
        x = random(-1, 1)
        y = random(-1, 1)
        if x*x + y*y <= 1:
            return (x, y) * r

虽然有时它可能运行不止一次或两次(而且它不是常量时间，也不适合并行执行)，但它要快得多，因为它不使用像sin或cos这样复杂的公式。