朴素解不起作用的原因是它给了靠近圆中心的点更高的概率密度。换句话说，半径为r/2的圆被选中点的概率为r/2，但它的面积(点的数量)为*r^2/4。

因此，我们希望半径概率密度具有以下性质:

选择半径小于或等于给定r的概率必须与半径为r的圆的面积成正比(因为我们希望在点上有一个均匀的分布，面积越大意味着点越多)。

换句话说，我们希望在[0,r]之间选择半径的概率等于它在圆的总面积中所占的份额。圆的总面积是*R^2，半径为R的圆的面积是*R^2。因此，我们希望在[0,r]之间选择半径的概率为(pi*r^2)/(pi* r^2) = r^2/ r^2。

现在来算算:

The probability of choosing a radius between [0,r] is the integral of p(r) dr from 0 to r (that's just because we add all the probabilities of the smaller radii). Thus we want integral(p(r)dr) = r^2/R^2. We can clearly see that R^2 is a constant, so all we need to do is figure out which p(r), when integrated would give us something like r^2. The answer is clearly r * constant. integral(r * constant dr) = r^2/2 * constant. This has to be equal to r^2/R^2, therefore constant = 2/R^2. Thus you have the probability distribution p(r) = r * 2/R^2

Note: Another more intuitive way to think about the problem is to imagine that you are trying to give each circle of radius r a probability density equal to the proportion of the number of points it has on its circumference. Thus a circle which has radius r will have 2 * pi * r "points" on its circumference. The total number of points is pi * R^2. Thus you should give the circle r a probability equal to (2 * pi * r) / (pi * R^2) = 2 * r/R^2. This is much easier to understand and more intuitive, but it's not quite as mathematically sound.

让我们像阿基米德那样处理这个问题。

我们如何在三角形ABC中均匀地生成一个点，其中|AB|=|BC|?让我们把它扩展到平行四边形ABCD。在ABCD中很容易均匀地生成点。我们均匀地选择AB上的X点和BC上的Y点并选择Z使XBYZ是一个平行四边形。为了在原始三角形中得到一个均匀选择的点，我们只需将ADC中出现的任何点沿AC折叠回ABC。

现在考虑一个圆。在极限情况下，我们可以把它想象成无穷多个等腰三角形ABC, B在原点，A和C在周长上，彼此逐渐接近。我们可以从这些三角形中选择一个角。所以我们现在需要通过在ABC条上选择一点来生成到中心的距离。同样，延伸到ABCD, D现在是圆中心半径的两倍。

使用上述方法可以很容易地在ABCD中选择一个随机点。在AB上随机选一个点，在BC上随机选一个点。Ie。在[0,R]上取一对随机数字x和y，给出离中心的距离。三角形是一条细条AB和BC本质上是平行的。所以Z点到原点的距离是x+y。如果x+y >r我们向下折叠。

这是R=1的完整算法。我希望你同意这很简单。它使用三角函数，但您可以保证它需要多长时间，以及需要多少次random()调用，这与拒绝抽样不同。

t = 2*pi*random()
u = random()+random()
r = if u>1 then 2-u else u
[r*cos(t), r*sin(t)]

这里是Mathematica。

f[] := Block[{u, t, r},
  u = Random[] + Random[];
  t = Random[] 2 Pi;
  r = If[u > 1, 2 - u, u];
  {r Cos[t], r Sin[t]}
]

ListPlot[Table[f[], {10000}], AspectRatio -> Automatic]

半径和“靠近”该半径的点的数量之间存在线性关系，因此他需要使用半径分布，这也使得半径r附近的数据点的数量与r成正比。

圆中的面积元是dA=rdr*dphi。这个额外的因子r破坏了你随机选择r和的想法。虽然phi分布平坦，但r不是，而是在1/r内平坦(也就是说，你更有可能击中边界而不是“靶心”)。

为了生成在圆上均匀分布的点从平面分布中选取r从1/r分布中选取。

或者使用Mehrdad提出的蒙特卡罗方法。

EDIT

要在1/r中选择一个随机的r，你可以从区间[1/ r，无穷]中选择一个随机的x，并计算r=1/x。R以1/ R为单位平坦分布。

为了计算一个随机的，从区间[0,1]中选择一个随机的x，并计算=2*pi*x。

朴素解不起作用的原因是它给了靠近圆中心的点更高的概率密度。换句话说，半径为r/2的圆被选中点的概率为r/2，但它的面积(点的数量)为*r^2/4。

因此，我们希望半径概率密度具有以下性质:

选择半径小于或等于给定r的概率必须与半径为r的圆的面积成正比(因为我们希望在点上有一个均匀的分布，面积越大意味着点越多)。

换句话说，我们希望在[0,r]之间选择半径的概率等于它在圆的总面积中所占的份额。圆的总面积是*R^2，半径为R的圆的面积是*R^2。因此，我们希望在[0,r]之间选择半径的概率为(pi*r^2)/(pi* r^2) = r^2/ r^2。

现在来算算:

The probability of choosing a radius between [0,r] is the integral of p(r) dr from 0 to r (that's just because we add all the probabilities of the smaller radii). Thus we want integral(p(r)dr) = r^2/R^2. We can clearly see that R^2 is a constant, so all we need to do is figure out which p(r), when integrated would give us something like r^2. The answer is clearly r * constant. integral(r * constant dr) = r^2/2 * constant. This has to be equal to r^2/R^2, therefore constant = 2/R^2. Thus you have the probability distribution p(r) = r * 2/R^2

Note: Another more intuitive way to think about the problem is to imagine that you are trying to give each circle of radius r a probability density equal to the proportion of the number of points it has on its circumference. Thus a circle which has radius r will have 2 * pi * r "points" on its circumference. The total number of points is pi * R^2. Thus you should give the circle r a probability equal to (2 * pi * r) / (pi * R^2) = 2 * r/R^2. This is much easier to understand and more intuitive, but it's not quite as mathematically sound.

Java解决方案和分发示例(2000分)

public void getRandomPointInCircle() {
    double t = 2 * Math.PI * Math.random();
    double r = Math.sqrt(Math.random());
    double x = r * Math.cos(t);
    double y = r * Math.sin(t);
    System.out.println(x);
    System.out.println(y);
}

基于以前的解决方案https://stackoverflow.com/a/5838055/5224246从@sigfpe