我仍然不确定确切的“(2/R2)×r”，但显而易见的是，在给定的单位“dr”中需要分配的点的数量，即r的增加将与R2成正比，而不是r。

check this way...number of points at some angle theta and between r (0.1r to 0.2r) i.e. fraction of the r and number of points between r (0.6r to 0.7r) would be equal if you use standard generation, since the difference is only 0.1r between two intervals. but since area covered between points (0.6r to 0.7r) will be much larger than area covered between 0.1r to 0.2r, the equal number of points will be sparsely spaced in larger area, this I assume you already know, So the function to generate the random points must not be linear but quadratic, (since number of points required to be distributed in given unit 'dr' i.e. increase in r will be proportional to r2 and not r), so in this case it will be inverse of quadratic, since the delta we have (0.1r) in both intervals must be square of some function so it can act as seed value for linear generation of points (since afterwords, this seed is used linearly in sin and cos function), so we know, dr must be quadratic value and to make this seed quadratic, we need to originate this values from square root of r not r itself, I hope this makes it little more clear.

首先我们生成一个cdf[x]

一点到圆心的距离小于x的概率。假设圆的半径为R。

显然，如果x = 0，那么cdf[0] = 0

显然，如果x是R，则cdf[R] = 1

显然，如果x = r，则cdf[r] = (r^2)/(r^2)

这是因为圆上的每个“小区域”都有相同的被选中的概率，所以概率与问题区域成比例。距离圆心x的面积是r^2

所以cdf[x] = x^2/R^2因为两者相互抵消了

我们有cdf[x]=x^2/R^2其中x从0到R

我们解出x

R^2 cdf[x] = x^2

x = R Sqrt[ cdf[x] ]

现在我们可以用一个从0到1的随机数来替换cdf

x = R Sqrt[ RandomReal[{0,1}] ]

最后

r = R Sqrt[  RandomReal[{0,1}] ];
theta = 360 deg * RandomReal[{0,1}];
{r,theta}

我们得到极坐标 {0.601168 R, 311.915°}

我曾经用过这个方法: 这可能是完全未优化的(即它使用了一个点数组，所以它不能用于大圆圈)，但它提供了足够的随机分布。如果你愿意，你可以跳过矩阵的创建，直接绘制。方法是随机化矩形中落在圆内的所有点。

bool[,] getMatrix(System.Drawing.Rectangle r) {
    bool[,] matrix = new bool[r.Width, r.Height];
    return matrix;
}

void fillMatrix(ref bool[,] matrix, Vector center) {
    double radius = center.X;
    Random r = new Random();
    for (int y = 0; y < matrix.GetLength(0); y++) {
        for (int x = 0; x < matrix.GetLength(1); x++)
        {
            double distance = (center - new Vector(x, y)).Length;
            if (distance < radius) {
                matrix[x, y] = r.NextDouble() > 0.5;
            }
        }
    }

}

private void drawMatrix(Vector centerPoint, double radius, bool[,] matrix) {
    var g = this.CreateGraphics();

    Bitmap pixel = new Bitmap(1,1);
    pixel.SetPixel(0, 0, Color.Black);

    for (int y = 0; y < matrix.GetLength(0); y++)
    {
        for (int x = 0; x < matrix.GetLength(1); x++)
        {
            if (matrix[x, y]) {
                g.DrawImage(pixel, new PointF((float)(centerPoint.X - radius + x), (float)(centerPoint.Y - radius + y)));
            }
        }
    }

    g.Dispose();
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    System.Drawing.Rectangle r = new System.Drawing.Rectangle(100,100,200,200);
    double radius = r.Width / 2;
    Vector center = new Vector(r.Left + radius, r.Top + radius);
    Vector normalizedCenter = new Vector(radius, radius);
    bool[,] matrix = getMatrix(r);
    fillMatrix(ref matrix, normalizedCenter);
    drawMatrix(center, radius, matrix);
}

这取决于你对"均匀随机"的定义。这是一个微妙的点，你可以在这里的wiki页面上阅读更多关于它的内容:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_paradox_%28probability%29，在这里同样的问题，对“均匀随机”给出不同的解释会给出不同的答案!

根据你如何选择这些点，分布可能会有所不同，即使它们在某种意义上是均匀随机的。

It seems like the blog entry is trying to make it uniformly random in the following sense: If you take a sub-circle of the circle, with the same center, then the probability that the point falls in that region is proportional to the area of the region. That, I believe, is attempting to follow the now standard interpretation of 'uniformly random' for 2D regions with areas defined on them: probability of a point falling in any region (with area well defined) is proportional to the area of that region.

1)在-1和1之间随机选择一个X。

var X:Number = Math.random() * 2 - 1;

2)利用圆公式，在X和半径为1的情况下，计算Y的最大值和最小值:

var YMin:Number = -Math.sqrt(1 - X * X);
var YMax:Number = Math.sqrt(1 - X * X);

3)在这两个极端之间随机选择一个Y:

var Y:Number = Math.random() * (YMax - YMin) + YMin;

4)将您的位置和半径值合并到最终值中:

var finalX:Number = X * radius + pos.x;
var finalY:Number = Y * radois + pos.y;

设ρ(半径)和φ(方位角)是两个随机变量，对应于圆内任意一点的极坐标。如果这些点是均匀分布的，那么ρ和φ的分布函数是什么?

对于任意r: 0 < r < r，半径坐标ρ小于r的概率为

P[ρ < r] = P[点在半径r的圆内]= S1 / S0 =(r/ r)2

其中S1和S0分别是半径为r和r的圆的面积。 因此，CDF可表示为:

          0          if r<=0
  CDF =   (r/R)**2   if 0 < r <= R
          1          if r > R

和PDF格式:

PDF = d/dr(CDF) = 2 * (r/R**2) (0 < r <= R).

请注意，对于R=1随机变量根号(X)，其中X在[0,1]上是一致的，有这个确切的CDF(因为P[根号(X) < y] = P[X < y**2] = y**2对于0 < y <= 1)。

φ在0 ~ 2*π范围内分布明显均匀。现在你可以创建随机极坐标，并使用三角方程将其转换为笛卡尔坐标:

x = ρ * cos(φ)
y = ρ * sin(φ)

忍不住要发布R=1的python代码。

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

rho = np.sqrt(np.random.uniform(0, 1, 5000))
phi = np.random.uniform(0, 2*np.pi, 5000)

x = rho * np.cos(phi)
y = rho * np.sin(phi)

plt.scatter(x, y, s = 4)

你会得到