我仍然不确定确切的“(2/R2)×r”，但显而易见的是，在给定的单位“dr”中需要分配的点的数量，即r的增加将与R2成正比，而不是r。

check this way...number of points at some angle theta and between r (0.1r to 0.2r) i.e. fraction of the r and number of points between r (0.6r to 0.7r) would be equal if you use standard generation, since the difference is only 0.1r between two intervals. but since area covered between points (0.6r to 0.7r) will be much larger than area covered between 0.1r to 0.2r, the equal number of points will be sparsely spaced in larger area, this I assume you already know, So the function to generate the random points must not be linear but quadratic, (since number of points required to be distributed in given unit 'dr' i.e. increase in r will be proportional to r2 and not r), so in this case it will be inverse of quadratic, since the delta we have (0.1r) in both intervals must be square of some function so it can act as seed value for linear generation of points (since afterwords, this seed is used linearly in sin and cos function), so we know, dr must be quadratic value and to make this seed quadratic, we need to originate this values from square root of r not r itself, I hope this makes it little more clear.

程序员解决方案:

创建一个位图(布尔值的矩阵)。你想要多大就有多大。 在位图中画一个圆。 创建一个圆的点查找表。 在这个查找表中选择一个随机索引。

const int RADIUS = 64;
const int MATRIX_SIZE = RADIUS * 2;

bool matrix[MATRIX_SIZE][MATRIX_SIZE] = {0};

struct Point { int x; int y; };

Point lookupTable[MATRIX_SIZE * MATRIX_SIZE];

void init()
{
  int numberOfOnBits = 0;

  for (int x = 0 ; x < MATRIX_SIZE ; ++x)
  {
    for (int y = 0 ; y < MATRIX_SIZE ; ++y)
    {
      if (x * x + y * y < RADIUS * RADIUS) 
      {
        matrix[x][y] = true;

        loopUpTable[numberOfOnBits].x = x;
        loopUpTable[numberOfOnBits].y = y;

        ++numberOfOnBits;

      } // if
    } // for
  } // for
} // ()

Point choose()
{
  int randomIndex = randomInt(numberOfBits);

  return loopUpTable[randomIndex];
} // ()

位图仅用于解释逻辑。这是没有位图的代码:

const int RADIUS = 64;
const int MATRIX_SIZE = RADIUS * 2;

struct Point { int x; int y; };

Point lookupTable[MATRIX_SIZE * MATRIX_SIZE];

void init()
{
  int numberOfOnBits = 0;

  for (int x = 0 ; x < MATRIX_SIZE ; ++x)
  {
    for (int y = 0 ; y < MATRIX_SIZE ; ++y)
    {
      if (x * x + y * y < RADIUS * RADIUS) 
      {
        loopUpTable[numberOfOnBits].x = x;
        loopUpTable[numberOfOnBits].y = y;

        ++numberOfOnBits;
      } // if
    } // for
  } // for
} // ()

Point choose()
{
  int randomIndex = randomInt(numberOfBits);

  return loopUpTable[randomIndex];
} // ()

设ρ(半径)和φ(方位角)是两个随机变量，对应于圆内任意一点的极坐标。如果这些点是均匀分布的，那么ρ和φ的分布函数是什么?

对于任意r: 0 < r < r，半径坐标ρ小于r的概率为

P[ρ < r] = P[点在半径r的圆内]= S1 / S0 =(r/ r)2

其中S1和S0分别是半径为r和r的圆的面积。 因此，CDF可表示为:

          0          if r<=0
  CDF =   (r/R)**2   if 0 < r <= R
          1          if r > R

和PDF格式:

PDF = d/dr(CDF) = 2 * (r/R**2) (0 < r <= R).

请注意，对于R=1随机变量根号(X)，其中X在[0,1]上是一致的，有这个确切的CDF(因为P[根号(X) < y] = P[X < y**2] = y**2对于0 < y <= 1)。

φ在0 ~ 2*π范围内分布明显均匀。现在你可以创建随机极坐标，并使用三角方程将其转换为笛卡尔坐标:

x = ρ * cos(φ)
y = ρ * sin(φ)

忍不住要发布R=1的python代码。

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

rho = np.sqrt(np.random.uniform(0, 1, 5000))
phi = np.random.uniform(0, 2*np.pi, 5000)

x = rho * np.cos(phi)
y = rho * np.sin(phi)

plt.scatter(x, y, s = 4)

你会得到

我不知道这个问题是否还有新的答案，但我自己碰巧也遇到过同样的问题。我试着跟自己“讲道理”寻找解决办法，我找到了一个。这可能和一些人在这里提出的建议是一样的，但不管怎样，它是这样的:

in order for two elements of the circle's surface to be equal, assuming equal dr's, we must have dtheta1/dtheta2 = r2/r1. Writing expression of the probability for that element as P(r, theta) = P{ r1< r< r1 + dr, theta1< theta< theta + dtheta1} = f(r,theta)*dr*dtheta1, and setting the two probabilities (for r1 and r2) equal, we arrive to (assuming r and theta are independent) f(r1)/r1 = f(r2)/r2 = constant, which gives f(r) = c*r. And the rest, determining the constant c follows from the condition on f(r) being a PDF.

Java解决方案和分发示例(2000分)

public void getRandomPointInCircle() {
    double t = 2 * Math.PI * Math.random();
    double r = Math.sqrt(Math.random());
    double x = r * Math.cos(t);
    double y = r * Math.sin(t);
    System.out.println(x);
    System.out.println(y);
}

基于以前的解决方案https://stackoverflow.com/a/5838055/5224246从@sigfpe

圆中的面积元是dA=rdr*dphi。这个额外的因子r破坏了你随机选择r和的想法。虽然phi分布平坦，但r不是，而是在1/r内平坦(也就是说，你更有可能击中边界而不是“靶心”)。

为了生成在圆上均匀分布的点从平面分布中选取r从1/r分布中选取。

或者使用Mehrdad提出的蒙特卡罗方法。

EDIT

要在1/r中选择一个随机的r，你可以从区间[1/ r，无穷]中选择一个随机的x，并计算r=1/x。R以1/ R为单位平坦分布。

为了计算一个随机的，从区间[0,1]中选择一个随机的x，并计算=2*pi*x。