这样一个有趣的问题。 一个点被选择的概率随着距离轴原点的增加而降低的基本原理在上面已经解释了多次。我们通过取U[0,1]的根来解释这一点。 下面是Python 3中正r的通解。

import numpy
import math
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def sq_point_in_circle(r):
    """
    Generate a random point in an r radius circle 
    centered around the start of the axis
    """

    t = 2*math.pi*numpy.random.uniform()
    R = (numpy.random.uniform(0,1) ** 0.5) * r

    return(R*math.cos(t), R*math.sin(t))

R = 200 # Radius
N = 1000 # Samples

points = numpy.array([sq_point_in_circle(R) for i in range(N)])
plt.scatter(points[:, 0], points[:,1])

我曾经用过这个方法: 这可能是完全未优化的(即它使用了一个点数组，所以它不能用于大圆圈)，但它提供了足够的随机分布。如果你愿意，你可以跳过矩阵的创建，直接绘制。方法是随机化矩形中落在圆内的所有点。

bool[,] getMatrix(System.Drawing.Rectangle r) {
    bool[,] matrix = new bool[r.Width, r.Height];
    return matrix;
}

void fillMatrix(ref bool[,] matrix, Vector center) {
    double radius = center.X;
    Random r = new Random();
    for (int y = 0; y < matrix.GetLength(0); y++) {
        for (int x = 0; x < matrix.GetLength(1); x++)
        {
            double distance = (center - new Vector(x, y)).Length;
            if (distance < radius) {
                matrix[x, y] = r.NextDouble() > 0.5;
            }
        }
    }

}

private void drawMatrix(Vector centerPoint, double radius, bool[,] matrix) {
    var g = this.CreateGraphics();

    Bitmap pixel = new Bitmap(1,1);
    pixel.SetPixel(0, 0, Color.Black);

    for (int y = 0; y < matrix.GetLength(0); y++)
    {
        for (int x = 0; x < matrix.GetLength(1); x++)
        {
            if (matrix[x, y]) {
                g.DrawImage(pixel, new PointF((float)(centerPoint.X - radius + x), (float)(centerPoint.Y - radius + y)));
            }
        }
    }

    g.Dispose();
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    System.Drawing.Rectangle r = new System.Drawing.Rectangle(100,100,200,200);
    double radius = r.Width / 2;
    Vector center = new Vector(r.Left + radius, r.Top + radius);
    Vector normalizedCenter = new Vector(radius, radius);
    bool[,] matrix = getMatrix(r);
    fillMatrix(ref matrix, normalizedCenter);
    drawMatrix(center, radius, matrix);
}

我仍然不确定确切的“(2/R2)×r”，但显而易见的是，在给定的单位“dr”中需要分配的点的数量，即r的增加将与R2成正比，而不是r。

check this way...number of points at some angle theta and between r (0.1r to 0.2r) i.e. fraction of the r and number of points between r (0.6r to 0.7r) would be equal if you use standard generation, since the difference is only 0.1r between two intervals. but since area covered between points (0.6r to 0.7r) will be much larger than area covered between 0.1r to 0.2r, the equal number of points will be sparsely spaced in larger area, this I assume you already know, So the function to generate the random points must not be linear but quadratic, (since number of points required to be distributed in given unit 'dr' i.e. increase in r will be proportional to r2 and not r), so in this case it will be inverse of quadratic, since the delta we have (0.1r) in both intervals must be square of some function so it can act as seed value for linear generation of points (since afterwords, this seed is used linearly in sin and cos function), so we know, dr must be quadratic value and to make this seed quadratic, we need to originate this values from square root of r not r itself, I hope this makes it little more clear.

圆中的面积元是dA=rdr*dphi。这个额外的因子r破坏了你随机选择r和的想法。虽然phi分布平坦，但r不是，而是在1/r内平坦(也就是说，你更有可能击中边界而不是“靶心”)。

为了生成在圆上均匀分布的点从平面分布中选取r从1/r分布中选取。

或者使用Mehrdad提出的蒙特卡罗方法。

EDIT

要在1/r中选择一个随机的r，你可以从区间[1/ r，无穷]中选择一个随机的x，并计算r=1/x。R以1/ R为单位平坦分布。

为了计算一个随机的，从区间[0,1]中选择一个随机的x，并计算=2*pi*x。

这可能会帮助那些对选择速度算法感兴趣的人;最快的方法是(可能?)拒绝抽样。

只需在单位正方形内生成一个点，并拒绝它，直到它在圆内。如(伪代码),

def sample(r=1):
    while True:
        x = random(-1, 1)
        y = random(-1, 1)
        if x*x + y*y <= 1:
            return (x, y) * r

虽然有时它可能运行不止一次或两次(而且它不是常量时间，也不适合并行执行)，但它要快得多，因为它不使用像sin或cos这样复杂的公式。

我不知道这个问题是否还有新的答案，但我自己碰巧也遇到过同样的问题。我试着跟自己“讲道理”寻找解决办法，我找到了一个。这可能和一些人在这里提出的建议是一样的，但不管怎样，它是这样的:

in order for two elements of the circle's surface to be equal, assuming equal dr's, we must have dtheta1/dtheta2 = r2/r1. Writing expression of the probability for that element as P(r, theta) = P{ r1< r< r1 + dr, theta1< theta< theta + dtheta1} = f(r,theta)*dr*dtheta1, and setting the two probabilities (for r1 and r2) equal, we arrive to (assuming r and theta are independent) f(r1)/r1 = f(r2)/r2 = constant, which gives f(r) = c*r. And the rest, determining the constant c follows from the condition on f(r) being a PDF.