在我的项目中，我采用了命名空间限定枚举技术来处理来自遗留组件和第三方组件的枚举。这里有一个例子:

forward.h:

namespace type
{
    class legacy_type;
    typedef const legacy_type& type;
}

enum.h:

// May be defined here or pulled in via #include.
namespace legacy
{
    enum evil { x , y, z };
}


namespace type
{
    using legacy::evil;

    class legacy_type
    {
    public:
        legacy_type(evil e)
            : e_(e)
        {}

        operator evil() const
        {
            return e_;
        }

    private:
        evil e_;
    };
}

foo。:

#include "forward.h"

class foo
{
public:
    void f(type::type t);
};

foo.cc:

#include "foo.h"

#include <iostream>
#include "enum.h"

void foo::f(type::type t)
{
    switch (t)
    {
        case legacy::x:
            std::cout << "x" << std::endl;
            break;
        case legacy::y:
            std::cout << "y" << std::endl;
            break;
        case legacy::z:
            std::cout << "z" << std::endl;
            break;
        default:
            std::cout << "default" << std::endl;
    }
}

main.cc:

#include "foo.h"
#include "enum.h"

int main()
{
    foo fu;
    fu.f(legacy::x);

    return 0;
}

注意foo.h头文件不需要知道任何关于legacy::evil的信息。只有使用遗留类型legacy::evil(这里:main.cc)的文件才需要包含枚举.h。

定义一个枚举来将类型元素的可能值限制在一个有限的集合内。该限制将在编译时强制执行。

当向前声明你将在以后使用“有限的集合”这一事实时，不会增加任何价值:后续代码需要知道可能的值，以便从中受益。

尽管编译器关心枚举类型的大小，但当转发声明枚举时，枚举的意图就会丢失。

这样我们就可以forward declare enum

enum A: int;

详情请参阅连结。

从c++ 11开始，枚举的前向声明是可能的。以前，枚举类型不能前向声明的原因是枚举的大小取决于它的内容。只要应用程序指定了枚举的大小，它就可以被前向声明:

enum Enum1;                     // Illegal in C++03 and C++11; no size is explicitly specified.
enum Enum2 : unsigned int;      // Legal in C++11.
enum class Enum3;               // Legal in C++11, because enum class declarations have a default type of "int".
enum class Enum4: unsigned int; // Legal C++11.
enum Enum2 : unsigned short;    // Illegal in C++11, because Enum2 was previously declared with a different type.

在GCC中似乎不能前向声明!

这里有一个有趣的讨论。

因为这个被撞了(某种程度上)，所以有一些不同意见，所以这里有一些来自标准的相关比特。研究表明，该标准并没有真正定义前向声明，也没有明确说明枚举可以或不可以前向声明。

首先，从dcl。Enum，第7.2节:

The underlying type of an enumeration is an integral type that can represent all the enumerator values defined in the enumeration. It is implementation-defined which integral type is used as the underlying type for an enumeration except that the underlying type shall not be larger than int unless the value of an enumerator cannot fit in an int or unsigned int. If the enumerator-list is empty, the underlying type is as if the enumeration had a single enumerator with value 0. The value of sizeof() applied to an enumeration type, an object of enumeration type, or an enumerator, is the value of sizeof() applied to the underlying type.

因此枚举的底层类型是由实现定义的，有一个较小的限制。

接下来，我们翻到关于“不完整类型”的章节(3.9)，这是关于前向声明的最接近的标准:

A class that has been declared but not defined, or an array of unknown size or of incomplete element type, is an incompletely-defined object type. A class type (such as "class X") might be incomplete at one point in a translation unit and complete later on; the type "class X" is the same type at both points. The declared type of an array object might be an array of incomplete class type and therefore incomplete; if the class type is completed later on in the translation unit, the array type becomes complete; the array type at those two points is the same type. The declared type of an array object might be an array of unknown size and therefore be incomplete at one point in a translation unit and complete later on; the array types at those two points ("array of unknown bound of T" and "array of N T") are different types. The type of a pointer to array of unknown size, or of a type defined by a typedef declaration to be an array of unknown size, cannot be completed.

在这里，标准列出了可以前向声明的类型。Enum不存在，因此编译器作者通常认为标准不允许前向声明，因为其底层类型的大小是可变的。

这也说得通。枚举通常在按值的情况下引用，编译器确实需要知道这些情况下的存储大小。由于存储大小是实现定义的，许多编译器可能只选择为每个枚举的底层类型使用32位值，这时就可以转发声明它们。

一个有趣的实验可能是尝试在Visual Studio中向前声明枚举，然后强制它使用大于sizeof(int)的底层类型，看看会发生什么。