给定一个函数,它产生的是1到5之间的随机整数,写一个函数,它产生的是1到7之间的随机整数。


当前回答

#!/usr/bin/env ruby
class Integer
  def rand7
    rand(6)+1
  end
end

def rand5
  rand(4)+1
end

x = rand5() # x => int between 1 and 5

y = x.rand7() # y => int between 1 and 7

..尽管这可能被认为是作弊。

其他回答

Python:有一个简单的两行答案,它使用空间代数和模量的组合。这不是直观的。我对它的解释令人困惑,但却是正确的。

知道5*7=35 7/5 = 1余数为2。如何保证余数之和始终为0?5*[7/5 = 1余数2]——> 35/5 = 7余数0

想象一下,我们有一条丝带,缠在一根周长为7的杆子上。丝带需要35个单位才能均匀地缠绕。随机选择7个色带片段len=[1…5]。忽略换行的有效长度与将rand5()转换为rand7()的方法相同。

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
# display is a notebook function FYI
def rand5(): ## random uniform int [1...5]
    return np.random.randint(1,6)

n_trials = 1000
samples = [rand5() for _ in range(n_trials)]

display(pd.Series(samples).value_counts(normalize=True))
# 4    0.2042
# 5    0.2041
# 2    0.2010
# 1    0.1981
# 3    0.1926
# dtype: float64
    
def rand7(): # magic algebra
    x = sum(rand5() for _ in range(7))
    return x%7 + 1

samples = [rand7() for _ in range(n_trials)]

display(pd.Series(samples).value_counts(normalize=False))
# 6    1475
# 2    1475
# 3    1456
# 1    1423
# 7    1419
# 4    1393
# 5    1359
# dtype: int64
    
df = pd.DataFrame([
    pd.Series([rand7() for _ in range(n_trials)]).value_counts(normalize=True)
    for _ in range(1000)
])
df.describe()
#      1    2   3   4   5   6   7
# count 1000.000000 1000.000000 1000.000000 1000.000000 1000.000000 1000.000000 1000.000000
# mean  0.142885    0.142928    0.142523    0.142266    0.142704    0.143048    0.143646
# std   0.010807    0.011526    0.010966    0.011223    0.011052    0.010983    0.011153
# min   0.112000    0.108000    0.101000    0.110000    0.100000    0.109000    0.110000
# 25%   0.135000    0.135000    0.135000    0.135000    0.135000    0.135000    0.136000
# 50%   0.143000    0.142000    0.143000    0.142000    0.143000    0.142000    0.143000
# 75%   0.151000    0.151000    0.150000    0.150000    0.150000    0.150000    0.151000
# max   0.174000    0.181000    0.175000    0.178000    0.189000    0.176000    0.179000

这是我的,它试图从多个rand5()函数调用中重新创建Math.random(),通过使用“加权分数”(?)重新构造一个单位间隔(Math.random()的输出范围)。然后使用这个随机单位间隔产生一个1到7之间的随机整数:

function rand5(){
  return Math.floor(Math.random()*5)+1;
}
function rand7(){
  var uiRandom=0;
  var div=1;
  for(var i=0; i<7; i++){
    div*=5;
    var term=(rand5()-1)/div;
    uiRandom+=term;
  }
  //return uiRandom;
  return Math.floor(uiRandom*7)+1; 
}

解释一下:我们取一个0-4之间的随机整数(只是rand5()-1),然后将每个结果乘以1/ 5,1 / 25,1 /125,…然后把它们加起来。这类似于二元加权分数的工作原理;相反,我认为我们将其称为五(以5为底)加权分数:产生一个从0 - 0.999999作为一系列(1/5)^n项的数字。

修改函数以获取任何输入/输出随机整数范围应该是简单的。上面的代码可以在重写为闭包时进行优化。


或者,我们也可以这样做:

function rand5(){
  return Math.floor(Math.random()*5)+1;
}
function rand7(){
  var buffer=[];
  var div=1;
  for (var i=0; i<7; i++){
    buffer.push((rand5()-1).toString(5));
    div*=5;
  }
  var n=parseInt(buffer.join(""),5);
  var uiRandom=n/div;
  //return uiRandom;
  return Math.floor(uiRandom*7)+1; 
}

我们不需要费力地构造一个五进制(以5为基数)加权分数,而是实际地构造一个五进制数,并将其转化为一个分数(0—0.9999…和前面一样),然后从那里计算随机的1- 7位数字。

上面的结果(代码片段#2:运行3次,每次100,000次调用):

1: 14263; 2: 14414; 3: 14249; 4: 14109; 5: 14217; 6: 14361; 7: 14387 1: 14205; 2: 14394; 3: 14238; 4: 14187; 5: 14384; 6: 14224; 7: 14368 1: 14425; 2: 14236; 3: 14334; 4: 14232; 5: 14160; 6: 14320; 7: 14293

extern int r5();

int r7() {
    return ((r5() & 0x01) << 2 ) | ((r5() & 0x01) << 1 ) | (r5() & 0x01);
}

简单的解决方案已经被很好地覆盖了:为一个random7结果取两个random5样本,如果结果超出了产生均匀分布的范围,就重新做一次。如果你的目标是减少对random5的调用次数,这是非常浪费的——对于每个random7输出,对random5的平均调用次数是2.38,而不是2,这是由于丢弃样本的数量。

你可以通过使用更多的random5输入一次生成多个random7输出来做得更好。对于使用31位整数计算的结果,最优结果是使用12次调用random5生成9个random7输出,平均每个输出调用1.34次。它是高效的,因为244140625个结果中只有2018983个需要废弃,或者不到1%。

Python演示:

def random5():
    return random.randint(1, 5)

def random7gen(n):
    count = 0
    while n > 0:
        samples = 6 * 7**9
        while samples >= 6 * 7**9:
            samples = 0
            for i in range(12):
                samples = samples * 5 + random5() - 1
                count += 1
        samples //= 6
        for outputs in range(9):
            yield samples % 7 + 1, count
            samples //= 7
            count = 0
            n -= 1
            if n == 0: break

>>> from collections import Counter
>>> Counter(x for x,i in random7gen(10000000))
Counter({2: 1430293, 4: 1429298, 1: 1428832, 7: 1428571, 3: 1428204, 5: 1428134, 6: 1426668})
>>> sum(i for x,i in random7gen(10000000)) / 10000000.0
1.344606

Here is a solution that tries to minimize the number of calls to rand5() while keeping the implementation simple and efficient; in particular, it does not require arbitrary large integers unlike Adam Rosenfield’s second answer. It exploits the fact that 23/19 = 1.21052... is a good rational approximation to log(7)/log(5) = 1.20906..., thus we can generate 19 random elements of {1,...,7} out of 23 random elements of {1,...,5} by rejection sampling with only a small rejection probability. On average, the algorithm below takes about 1.266 calls to rand5() for each call to rand7(). If the distribution of rand5() is uniform, so is rand7().

uint_fast64_t pool;

int capacity = 0;

void new_batch (void)
{
  uint_fast64_t r;
  int i;

  do {
    r = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < 23; i++)
      r = 5 * r + (rand5() - 1);
  } while (r >= 11398895185373143ULL);  /* 7**19, a bit less than 5**23 */

  pool = r;
  capacity = 19;
}

int rand7 (void)
{
  int r;

  if (capacity == 0)
    new_batch();

  r = pool % 7;
  pool /= 7;
  capacity--;

  return r + 1;
}