模拟:帮助模拟和检查结果交互。这些交互 SUT调用它的依赖项来改变它们的状态。

存根:帮助模拟传入的交互。这些相互作用称为 SUT对其依赖项进行处理以获取输入数据。

来源:单元测试原则、实践和模式- Manning

Stubs vs. Mocks Stubs provide specific answers to methods calls ex: myStubbedService.getValues() just return a String needed by the code under test used by code under test to isolate it cannot fail test ex: myStubbedService.getValues() just returns the stubbed value often implement abstract methods Mocks "superset" of stubs; can assert that certain methods are called ex: verify that myMockedService.getValues() is called only once used to test behaviour of code under test can fail test ex: verify that myMockedService.getValues() was called once; verification fails, because myMockedService.getValues() was not called by my tested code often mocks interfaces

存根不会让你考试不及格，mock可以。

他使用的通用术语是测试替身(想想特技替身)。Test Double是一个通用术语，用于为测试目的替换生产对象的任何情况。杰拉德列出了各种各样的替身:

Dummy objects are passed around but never actually used. Usually they are just used to fill parameter lists. Fake objects actually have working implementations, but usually take some shortcut which makes them not suitable for production (an InMemoryTestDatabase is a good example). Stubs provide canned answers to calls made during the test, usually not responding at all to anything outside what's programmed in for the test. Spies are stubs that also record some information based on how they were called. One form of this might be an email service that records how many messages it was sent(also called Partial Mock). Mocks are pre-programmed with expectations which form a specification of the calls they are expected to receive. They can throw an exception if they receive a call they don't expect and are checked during verification to ensure they got all the calls they were expecting.

源

前言

有几个对象的定义是不真实的。一般的术语是双重测试。这个术语包括:dummy, fake, stub, mock。

参考

根据Martin Fowler的文章:

Dummy objects are passed around but never actually used. Usually they are just used to fill parameter lists. Fake objects actually have working implementations, but usually take some shortcut which makes them not suitable for production (an in memory database is a good example). Stubs provide canned answers to calls made during the test, usually not responding at all to anything outside what's programmed in for the test. Stubs may also record information about calls, such as an email gateway stub that remembers the messages it 'sent', or maybe only how many messages it 'sent'. Mocks are what we are talking about here: objects pre-programmed with expectations which form a specification of the calls they are expected to receive.

风格

模拟vs存根=行为测试vs状态测试

原则

根据每个测试只测试一件事的原则，一个测试中可能有几个存根，但一般只有一个mock。

生命周期

使用存根测试生命周期:

准备正在测试的对象和它的存根合作者。 锻炼——测试功能。 验证状态——使用断言来检查对象的状态。 Teardown -清理资源。

使用mock测试生命周期:

设置数据-准备正在测试的对象。 设置期望-在mock中准备主对象使用的期望。 锻炼——测试功能。 验证期望——验证在mock中调用了正确的方法。 验证状态——使用断言来检查对象的状态。 Teardown -清理资源。

总结

模拟测试和存根测试都给出了这个问题的答案:结果是什么?

使用模拟进行测试也感兴趣:结果是如何实现的?

Mock——Mock拦截对一个方法或函数的调用(或者像模拟类那样的一组方法和函数)。它不是该方法或函数的替代品。在那次拦截中，mock可以做任何它想做的事情，比如记录输入和输出，决定短路调用，更改返回值，等等。

存根——存根是一个有效的方法或函数(或一组方法和函数，就像存根类一样)的完整工作实现，它与它存根的方法、函数或一组方法和函数具有相同的接口/签名。stub实现通常只会做在单元测试上下文中可以接受的事情，这意味着它不会做IO，同时模仿它要stub的东西的行为。