Private =只能由母类(基类)访问 (只有我父母才能进我父母的卧室)

Protected =母类(基类)和她的子类可以访问 (只有父母可以进父母的卧室，但允许儿子/女儿进父母的卧室)

Public =母类(基类)、子类和其他所有人都可以访问 (只有我父母才能进我父母的卧室，但那是家庭聚会——我的家是我的家)

私有成员只能在声明它的类中访问，而受保护成员可以在声明它的类中与它继承的类一起访问。

与私有属性和方法不同，标记为受保护的属性和方法在子类中仍然可见。

除非您不想在可能的子类中使用或提供重写该方法的可能性，否则我会将它们设为private。

可以从派生类访问受保护的成员。私立学校则不行。

class Base {

private: 
  int MyPrivateInt;
protected: 
  int MyProtectedInt;
public:
  int MyPublicInt;
};

class Derived : Base
{
public:
  int foo1()  { return MyPrivateInt;} // Won't compile!
  int foo2()  { return MyProtectedInt;} // OK  
  int foo3()  { return MyPublicInt;} // OK
};‌‌

class Unrelated 
{
private:
  Base B;
public:
  int foo1()  { return B.MyPrivateInt;} // Won't compile!
  int foo2()  { return B.MyProtectedInt;} // Won't compile
  int foo3()  { return B.MyPublicInt;} // OK
};

至于“最佳实践”，则视情况而定。如果有人想要从您现有的类中派生一个新类，并且需要访问内部成员，那么将它们设置为Protected，而不是Private。如果它们是私有的，那么您的类就很难轻易继承。

Private: It is an access specifier. By default the instance (member) variables or the methods of a class in c++/java are private. During inheritance, the code and the data are always inherited but is not accessible outside the class. We can declare our data members as private so that no one can make direct changes to our member variables and we can provide public getters and setters in order to change our private members. And this concept is always applied in the business rule. Protected: It is also an access specifier. In C++, the protected members are accessible within the class and to the inherited class but not outside the class. In Java, the protected members are accessible within the class, to the inherited class as well as to all the classes within the same package.

当然，看看受保护的成员变量问题。建议使用private作为默认值(就像c++类一样)来减少耦合。受保护的成员变量总是一个坏主意，受保护的成员函数可以用于例如模板方法模式。