Private:可由类成员函数和好友函数或好友类访问。 对于c++类，这是默认的访问说明符。

Protected:可由类成员函数、友元函数或友元类及派生类访问。

您可以根据需要将类成员变量或函数(甚至是typedefs或内部类)保留为私有或受保护。 大多数情况下，保持类成员为私有，并添加get/set函数进行封装。这有助于代码的维护。 一般来说，当你想要保持公共函数模块化或消除重复代码而不是将整个代码写入单个函数时，就会使用私有函数。这有助于代码的维护。

更多细节请参考这个链接。

MFC偏爱protected的原因是因为它是一个框架。您可能想要子类化MFC类，在这种情况下，需要一个受保护的接口来访问类的一般用途不可见的方法。

Private =只能由母类(基类)访问 (只有我父母才能进我父母的卧室)

Protected =母类(基类)和她的子类可以访问 (只有父母可以进父母的卧室，但允许儿子/女儿进父母的卧室)

Public =母类(基类)、子类和其他所有人都可以访问 (只有我父母才能进我父母的卧室，但那是家庭聚会——我的家是我的家)

Private: It is an access specifier. By default the instance (member) variables or the methods of a class in c++/java are private. During inheritance, the code and the data are always inherited but is not accessible outside the class. We can declare our data members as private so that no one can make direct changes to our member variables and we can provide public getters and setters in order to change our private members. And this concept is always applied in the business rule. Protected: It is also an access specifier. In C++, the protected members are accessible within the class and to the inherited class but not outside the class. In Java, the protected members are accessible within the class, to the inherited class as well as to all the classes within the same package.

可以从派生类访问受保护的成员。私立学校则不行。

class Base {

private: 
  int MyPrivateInt;
protected: 
  int MyProtectedInt;
public:
  int MyPublicInt;
};

class Derived : Base
{
public:
  int foo1()  { return MyPrivateInt;} // Won't compile!
  int foo2()  { return MyProtectedInt;} // OK  
  int foo3()  { return MyPublicInt;} // OK
};‌‌

class Unrelated 
{
private:
  Base B;
public:
  int foo1()  { return B.MyPrivateInt;} // Won't compile!
  int foo2()  { return B.MyProtectedInt;} // Won't compile
  int foo3()  { return B.MyPublicInt;} // OK
};

至于“最佳实践”，则视情况而定。如果有人想要从您现有的类中派生一个新类，并且需要访问内部成员，那么将它们设置为Protected，而不是Private。如果它们是私有的，那么您的类就很难轻易继承。

The protected keyword specifies access to class members in the member-list up to the next access specifier (public or private) or the end of the class definition. Class members declared as protected can be used only by the following: Member functions of the class that originally declared these members. Friends of the class that originally declared these members. Classes derived with public or protected access from the class that originally declared these members. Direct privately derived classes that also have private access to protected members. When preceding the name of a base class, the protected keyword specifies that the public and protected members of the base class are protected members of its derived classes. Protected members are not as private as private members, which are accessible only to members of the class in which they are declared, but they are not as public as public members, which are accessible in any function. Protected members that are also declared as static are accessible to any friend or member function of a derived class. Protected members that are not declared as static are accessible to friends and member functions in a derived class only through a pointer to, reference to, or object of the derived class.

保护(c++)