可以做递归相当干净，这里是我的实现在golang!

在没有额外内存的情况下递归地旋转go golang中的NXN矩阵

func rot90(a [][]int) {
    n := len(a)
    if n == 1 {
        return
    }
    for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
        a[0][i], a[n-1-i][n-1] = a[n-1-i][n-1], a[0][i]
    }
    rot90(a[1:])
}

这是一个空间旋转方法，由java编写，只适用于正方形。对于非正方形的2d数组，无论如何都必须创建新数组。

private void rotateInSpace(int[][] arr) {
    int z = arr.length;
    for (int i = 0; i < z / 2; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < (z / 2 + z % 2); j++) {
            int x = i, y = j;
            int temp = arr[x][y];
            for (int k = 0; k < 4; k++) {
                int temptemp = arr[y][z - x - 1];
                arr[y][z - x - 1] = temp;
                temp = temptemp;

                int tempX = y;
                y = z - x - 1;
                x = tempX;
            }
        }
    }
}

通过创建新数组旋转任何大小的2d数组的代码:

private int[][] rotate(int[][] arr) {
    int width = arr[0].length;
    int depth = arr.length;
    int[][] re = new int[width][depth];
    for (int i = 0; i < depth; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < width; j++) {
            re[j][depth - i - 1] = arr[i][j];
        }
    }
    return re;
}

这是Java中的一个更好的版本:我已经为一个具有不同宽度和高度的矩阵制作了它

H是旋转后矩阵的高度 W是旋转后矩阵的宽度

public int[][] rotateMatrixRight(int[][] matrix)
{
    /* W and H are already swapped */
    int w = matrix.length;
    int h = matrix[0].length;
    int[][] ret = new int[h][w];
    for (int i = 0; i < h; ++i) {
        for (int j = 0; j < w; ++j) {
            ret[i][j] = matrix[w - j - 1][i];
        }
    }
    return ret;
}


public int[][] rotateMatrixLeft(int[][] matrix)
{
    /* W and H are already swapped */
    int w = matrix.length;
    int h = matrix[0].length;   
    int[][] ret = new int[h][w];
    for (int i = 0; i < h; ++i) {
        for (int j = 0; j < w; ++j) {
            ret[i][j] = matrix[j][h - i - 1];
        }
    }
    return ret;
}

此代码基于Nick Berardi的帖子。

ruby方式:.transpose。地图&:反向

下面是Java版本:

public static void rightRotate(int[][] matrix, int n) {
    for (int layer = 0; layer < n / 2; layer++) {
        int first = layer;
        int last = n - 1 - first;
        for (int i = first; i < last; i++) {
           int offset = i - first;
           int temp = matrix[first][i];
           matrix[first][i] = matrix[last-offset][first];
           matrix[last-offset][first] = matrix[last][last-offset];
           matrix[last][last-offset] = matrix[i][last];
           matrix[i][last] = temp;
        }
    }
}

该方法首先旋转最外层，然后按顺序移动到内层。

虽然旋转数据可能是必要的(也许是为了更新物理存储的表示)，但在数组访问上添加一层间接层(也许是一个接口)会变得更简单，可能更性能:

interface IReadableMatrix
{
    int GetValue(int x, int y);
}

如果你的矩阵已经实现了这个接口，那么它可以通过这样一个装饰器类来旋转:

class RotatedMatrix : IReadableMatrix
{
    private readonly IReadableMatrix _baseMatrix;

    public RotatedMatrix(IReadableMatrix baseMatrix)
    {
        _baseMatrix = baseMatrix;
    }

    int GetValue(int x, int y)
    {
        // transpose x and y dimensions
        return _baseMatrix(y, x);
    }
}

旋转+90/-90/180度，水平/垂直翻转和缩放都可以以这种方式实现。

Performance would need to be measured in your specific scenario. However the O(n^2) operation has now been replaced with an O(1) call. It's a virtual method call which is slower than direct array access, so it depends upon how frequently the rotated array is used after rotation. If it's used once, then this approach would definitely win. If it's rotated then used in a long-running system for days, then in-place rotation might perform better. It also depends whether you can accept the up-front cost.

与所有性能问题一样，测量，测量，测量!