下面是PHP的递归方法:

$m = array();
            $m[0] = array('a', 'b', 'c');
            $m[1] = array('d', 'e', 'f');
            $m[2] = array('g', 'h', 'i');
            $newMatrix = array();

            function rotateMatrix($m, $i = 0, &$newMatrix)
            {
                foreach ($m as $chunk) {
                    $newChunk[] = $chunk[$i];
                }
                $newMatrix[] = array_reverse($newChunk);
                $i++;

                if ($i < count($m)) {
                    rotateMatrix($m, $i, $newMatrix);
                }
            }

            rotateMatrix($m, 0, $newMatrix);
            echo '<pre>';
            var_dump($newMatrix);
            echo '<pre>';

Javascript解决NxN矩阵与运行时O(N^2)和内存O(1)

  function rotate90(matrix){
    var length = matrix.length
    for(var row = 0; row < (length / 2); row++){
      for(var col = row; col < ( length - 1 - row); col++){
        var tmpVal = matrix[row][col];
        for(var i = 0; i < 4; i++){
          var rowSwap = col;
          var colSwap = (length - 1) - row;
          var poppedVal = matrix[rowSwap][colSwap];
          matrix[rowSwap][colSwap] = tmpVal;
          tmpVal = poppedVal;
          col = colSwap;
          row = rowSwap;
        }
      }
    }
  }

c#代码将[n,m] 2D数组向右旋转90度

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace MatrixProject
{
    // mattrix class

    class Matrix{
        private int rows;
        private int cols;
        private int[,] matrix;

        public Matrix(int n){
            this.rows = n;
            this.cols = n;
            this.matrix = new int[this.rows,this.cols];

        }

        public Matrix(int n,int m){
            this.rows = n;
            this.cols = m;

            this.matrix = new int[this.rows,this.cols];
        }

        public void Show()
        {
            for (var i = 0; i < this.rows; i++)
            {
                for (var j = 0; j < this.cols; j++) {
                    Console.Write("{0,3}", this.matrix[i, j]);
                }
                Console.WriteLine();
            }                
        }

        public void ReadElements()
        {
           for (var i = 0; i < this.rows; i++)
                for (var j = 0; j < this.cols; j++)
                {
                    Console.Write("element[{0},{1}]=",i,j);
                    this.matrix[i, j] = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
                }            
        }


        // rotate [n,m] 2D array by 90 deg right
        public void Rotate90DegRight()
        {

            // create a mirror of current matrix
            int[,] mirror = this.matrix;

            // create a new matrix
            this.matrix = new int[this.cols, this.rows];

            for (int i = 0; i < this.rows; i++)
            {
                for (int j = 0; j < this.cols; j++)
                {
                    this.matrix[j, this.rows - i - 1] = mirror[i, j];
                }
            }

            // replace cols count with rows count
            int tmp = this.rows;
            this.rows = this.cols;
            this.cols = tmp;           
        }
    }

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Matrix myMatrix = new Matrix(3,4);
            Console.WriteLine("Enter matrix elements:");
            myMatrix.ReadElements();
            Console.WriteLine("Matrix elements are:");
            myMatrix.Show();
            myMatrix.Rotate90DegRight();
            Console.WriteLine("Matrix rotated at 90 deg are:");
            myMatrix.Show();
            Console.ReadLine();
        }
    }
}

结果:

    Enter matrix elements:
    element[0,0]=1
    element[0,1]=2
    element[0,2]=3
    element[0,3]=4
    element[1,0]=5
    element[1,1]=6
    element[1,2]=7
    element[1,3]=8
    element[2,0]=9
    element[2,1]=10
    element[2,2]=11
    element[2,3]=12
    Matrix elements are:
      1  2  3  4
      5  6  7  8
      9 10 11 12
    Matrix rotated at 90 deg are:
      9  5  1
     10  6  2
     11  7  3
     12  8  4

可以做递归相当干净，这里是我的实现在golang!

在没有额外内存的情况下递归地旋转go golang中的NXN矩阵

func rot90(a [][]int) {
    n := len(a)
    if n == 1 {
        return
    }
    for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
        a[0][i], a[n-1-i][n-1] = a[n-1-i][n-1], a[0][i]
    }
    rot90(a[1:])
}

时间- O(N)，空间- O(1)

public void rotate(int[][] matrix) {
    int n = matrix.length;
    for (int i = 0; i < n / 2; i++) {
        int last = n - 1 - i;
        for (int j = i; j < last; j++) {
            int top = matrix[i][j];
            matrix[i][j] = matrix[last - j][i];
            matrix[last - j][i] = matrix[last][last - j];
            matrix[last][last - j] = matrix[j][last];
            matrix[j][last] = top;
        }
    }
}

下面是Java语言:

public static void rotateInPlace(int[][] m) {
    for(int layer = 0; layer < m.length/2; layer++){
        int first = layer;
        int last = m.length - 1 - first;
        for(int i = first; i < last; i ++){
            int offset = i - first;
            int top = m[first][i];
            m[first][i] = m[last - offset][first];
            m[last - offset][first] = m[last][last - offset];
            m[last][last - offset] = m[i][last];
            m[i][last] = top;
        }
    }
}