No答案强调可能是计算序列的最快和最节省内存的方法。斐波那契数列有一个封闭形式的精确表达式。它可以通过生成函数或线性代数来求出来，就像我现在要做的。

令f_1,f_2，…为f_1 = f_2 = 1的斐波那契数列。现在考虑一个二维向量序列

f_1  ,  f_2  ,  f_3  ,  ...
f_2  ,  f_3  ,  f_4  ,  ...

观察向量序列中的下一个元素v_{n+1}是M.v_{n}，其中M是由给出的2x2矩阵

M = [0 1]
    [1 1]

由于f {n + 1} = f {n + 1}和f f {n} {n + 2} = + f {n + 1}

M可以对复数进行对角化(实际上也可以对实数进行对角化，但通常不是这样)。M有两个不同的特征向量

1      1
x_1    x_2

其中，x_1 =(1+根号(5))/2和x_2 =(1-根号(5))/2是多项式方程x*x-x-1 = 0的异解。对应的特征值是x_1和x_2。把M看成是一个线性变换然后改变基底，看它等价于

 D = [x_1  0]
     [0  x_2]

为了求出f_n，求出v_n，然后看第一个坐标。为了求v_n对v_1进行M n-1次运算。但是应用mn -1次很简单，只要把它看成d，然后利用线性就可以发现

f_n = 1/sqrt(5)*(x_1^n-x_2^n)

Since the norm of x_2 is smaller than 1, the corresponding term vanishes as n tends to infinity; therefore, obtaining the greatest integer smaller than (x_1^n)/sqrt(5) is enough to find the answer exactly. By making use of the trick of repeatedly squaring, this can be done using only O(log_2(n)) multiplication (and addition) operations. Memory complexity is even more impressive because it can be implemented in a way that you always need to hold at most 1 number in memory whose value is smaller than the answer. However, since this number is not a natural number, memory complexity here changes depending on whether if you use fixed bits to represent each number (hence do calculations with error)(O(1) memory complexity this case) or use a better model like Turing machines, in which case some more analysis is needed.

只要问问自己，F(n)需要执行多少条语句才能完成。

对于F(1)，答案是1(条件的第一部分)。

对于F(n)答案是F(n-1) + F(n-2)

那么什么函数满足这些规则呢?试试an (a > 1):

==地理==根据美国人口普查，该镇总面积为，其中土地和(1.1%)水。

再除以a(n-2)

A2 == a + 1

解出a，你得到(1+根号(5))/2 = 1.6180339887，也就是黄金比例。

所以需要指数级的时间。

在麻省理工学院有一个关于这个具体问题的很好的讨论。在第5页，他们指出，如果你假设一个加法需要一个计算单位，那么计算Fib(N)所需的时间与Fib(N)的结果密切相关。

因此，你可以直接跳到斐波那契数列的非常接近的近似:

Fib(N) = (1/sqrt(5)) * 1.618^(N+1) (approximately)

因此，假设朴素算法的最坏情况是

O((1/sqrt(5)) * 1.618^(N+1)) = O(1.618^(N+1))

PS:如果你想了解更多信息，维基百科上有关于第n个斐波那契数的封闭形式表达的讨论。

No答案强调可能是计算序列的最快和最节省内存的方法。斐波那契数列有一个封闭形式的精确表达式。它可以通过生成函数或线性代数来求出来，就像我现在要做的。

令f_1,f_2，…为f_1 = f_2 = 1的斐波那契数列。现在考虑一个二维向量序列

f_1  ,  f_2  ,  f_3  ,  ...
f_2  ,  f_3  ,  f_4  ,  ...

观察向量序列中的下一个元素v_{n+1}是M.v_{n}，其中M是由给出的2x2矩阵

M = [0 1]
    [1 1]

由于f {n + 1} = f {n + 1}和f f {n} {n + 2} = + f {n + 1}

M可以对复数进行对角化(实际上也可以对实数进行对角化，但通常不是这样)。M有两个不同的特征向量

1      1
x_1    x_2

其中，x_1 =(1+根号(5))/2和x_2 =(1-根号(5))/2是多项式方程x*x-x-1 = 0的异解。对应的特征值是x_1和x_2。把M看成是一个线性变换然后改变基底，看它等价于

 D = [x_1  0]
     [0  x_2]

为了求出f_n，求出v_n，然后看第一个坐标。为了求v_n对v_1进行M n-1次运算。但是应用mn -1次很简单，只要把它看成d，然后利用线性就可以发现

f_n = 1/sqrt(5)*(x_1^n-x_2^n)

Since the norm of x_2 is smaller than 1, the corresponding term vanishes as n tends to infinity; therefore, obtaining the greatest integer smaller than (x_1^n)/sqrt(5) is enough to find the answer exactly. By making use of the trick of repeatedly squaring, this can be done using only O(log_2(n)) multiplication (and addition) operations. Memory complexity is even more impressive because it can be implemented in a way that you always need to hold at most 1 number in memory whose value is smaller than the answer. However, since this number is not a natural number, memory complexity here changes depending on whether if you use fixed bits to represent each number (hence do calculations with error)(O(1) memory complexity this case) or use a better model like Turing machines, in which case some more analysis is needed.

你可以展开它，有一个可视化

     T(n) = T(n-1) + T(n-2) <
     T(n-1) + T(n-1) 

     = 2*T(n-1)   
     = 2*2*T(n-2)
     = 2*2*2*T(n-3)
     ....
     = 2^i*T(n-i)
     ...
     ==> O(2^n)

证明答案很好，但我总是不得不手工做一些迭代来真正说服自己。所以我在白板上画了一个小的调用树，并开始计算节点。我将计数分为总节点、叶节点和内部节点。以下是我得到的答案:

IN | OUT | TOT | LEAF | INT
 1 |   1 |   1 |   1  |   0
 2 |   1 |   1 |   1  |   0
 3 |   2 |   3 |   2  |   1
 4 |   3 |   5 |   3  |   2
 5 |   5 |   9 |   5  |   4
 6 |   8 |  15 |   8  |   7
 7 |  13 |  25 |  13  |  12
 8 |  21 |  41 |  21  |  20
 9 |  34 |  67 |  34  |  33
10 |  55 | 109 |  55  |  54

显而易见的是，叶节点的数量是fib(n)经过几次迭代才发现，内部节点的数量是fib(n) - 1。因此节点总数为2 * fib(n) - 1。

由于在对计算复杂度进行分类时去掉了系数，最终答案是θ(fib(n))。