“函子”这个词来自范畴论，范畴论是数学中一个非常普遍、非常抽象的分支。函数式语言的设计者至少以两种不同的方式借用了它。

In the ML family of languages, a functor is a module that takes one or more other modules as a parameter. It's considered an advanced feature, and most beginning programmers have difficulty with it. As an example of implementation and practical use, you could define your favorite form of balanced binary search tree once and for all as a functor, and it would take as a parameter a module that provides: The type of key to be used in the binary tree A total-ordering function on keys Once you've done this, you can use the same balanced binary tree implementation forever. (The type of value stored in the tree is usually left polymorphic—the tree doesn't need to look at values other than to copy them around, whereas the tree definitely needs to be able to compare keys, and it gets the comparison function from the functor's parameter.) Another application of ML functors is layered network protocols. The link is to a really terrific paper by the CMU Fox group; it shows how to use functors to build more complex protocol layers (like TCP) on type of simpler layers (like IP or even directly over Ethernet). Each layer is implemented as a functor that takes as a parameter the layer below it. The structure of the software actually reflects the way people think about the problem, as opposed to the layers existing only in the mind of the programmer. In 1994 when this work was published, it was a big deal. For a wild example of ML functors in action, you could see the paper ML Module Mania, which contains a publishable (i.e., scary) example of functors at work. For a brilliant, clear, pellucid explanation of the ML modules system (with comparisons to other kinds of modules), read the first few pages of Xavier Leroy's brilliant 1994 POPL paper Manifest Types, Modules, and Separate Compilation. In Haskell, and in some related pure functional language, Functor is a type class. A type belongs to a type class (or more technically, the type "is an instance of" the type class) when the type provides certain operations with certain expected behavior. A type T can belong to class Functor if it has certain collection-like behavior: The type T is parameterized over another type, which you should think of as the element type of the collection. The type of the full collection is then something like T Int, T String, T Bool, if you are containing integers, strings, or Booleans respectively. If the element type is unknown, it is written as a type parameter a, as in T a. Examples include lists (zero or more elements of type a), the Maybe type (zero or one elements of type a), sets of elements of type a, arrays of elements of type a, all kinds of search trees containing values of type a, and lots of others you can think of. The other property that T has to satisfy is that if you have a function of type a -> b (a function on elements), then you have to be able to take that function and product a related function on collections. You do this with the operator fmap, which is shared by every type in the Functor type class. The operator is actually overloaded, so if you have a function even with type Int -> Bool, then fmap even is an overloaded function that can do many wonderful things: Convert a list of integers to a list of Booleans Convert a tree of integers to a tree of Booleans Convert Nothing to Nothing and Just 7 to Just False In Haskell, this property is expressed by giving the type of fmap: fmap :: (Functor t) => (a -> b) -> t a -> t b where we now have a small t, which means "any type in the Functor class." To make a long story short, in Haskell a functor is a kind of collection for which if you are given a function on elements, fmap will give you back a function on collections. As you can imagine, this is an idea that can be widely reused, which is why it is blessed as part of Haskell's standard library.

像往常一样，人们继续发明新的、有用的抽象，您可能想要研究应用函子，对此最好的参考可能是Conor McBride和Ross Paterson撰写的一篇名为《带效果的应用编程》的论文。

在OCaml中，它是一个参数化模块。

如果您了解c++，可以将OCaml函子视为模板。c++只有类模板，函数子在模块规模上工作。

函数子的一个例子是Map.Make;module StringMap =映射。使(字符串);;构建一个使用字符串键映射的映射模块。

你不能通过多态性实现StringMap这样的东西;你需要对这些键做一些假设。String模块包含对完全有序字符串类型的操作(比较等)，函子将链接到String模块包含的操作。你可以用面向对象编程做一些类似的事情，但是你会有方法间接开销。

这是一篇关于函子的编程文章，后面更具体地介绍了它们是如何在编程语言中出现的。

函子的实际使用是在单子中，如果你想找的话，你可以找到很多关于单子的教程。

实际上，functor是指在c++中实现调用操作符的对象。在ocaml中，我认为函子指的是将一个模块作为输入并输出另一个模块的东西。

Functor与函数式编程没有特别的关系。它只是一个指向函数或某种对象的“指针”，可以像调用函数一样调用它。

在Inria网站上的O'Reilly OCaml书中有一个很好的例子(不幸的是，在写这篇文章时，它被删除了)。我在加州理工学院使用的这本书中找到了一个非常相似的例子:OCaml介绍(pdf链接)。相关的部分是关于函子的章节(书中139页，PDF中149页)。

在书中，他们有一个名为MakeSet的函子，它创建了一个由列表组成的数据结构，以及添加元素、确定元素是否在列表中以及查找元素的函数。用于确定它是否在集合中的比较函数已被参数化(这是使MakeSet成为函子而不是模块的原因)。

它们还有一个实现比较函数的模块，这样就可以进行不区分大小写的字符串比较。

使用函子函数和实现比较的模块，它们可以在一行中创建一个新模块:

module SSet = MakeSet(StringCaseEqual);;

这将为使用不区分大小写比较的一组数据结构创建一个模块。如果您想创建一个使用区分大小写比较的集合，那么您只需要实现一个新的比较模块，而不是一个新的数据结构模块。

Tobu将函子与c++中的模板进行了比较，我认为这是非常恰当的。