在OCaml中，它是一个参数化模块。

如果您了解c++，可以将OCaml函子视为模板。c++只有类模板，函数子在模块规模上工作。

函数子的一个例子是Map.Make;module StringMap =映射。使(字符串);;构建一个使用字符串键映射的映射模块。

你不能通过多态性实现StringMap这样的东西;你需要对这些键做一些假设。String模块包含对完全有序字符串类型的操作(比较等)，函子将链接到String模块包含的操作。你可以用面向对象编程做一些类似的事情，但是你会有方法间接开销。

“函子”这个词来自范畴论，范畴论是数学中一个非常普遍、非常抽象的分支。函数式语言的设计者至少以两种不同的方式借用了它。

In the ML family of languages, a functor is a module that takes one or more other modules as a parameter. It's considered an advanced feature, and most beginning programmers have difficulty with it. As an example of implementation and practical use, you could define your favorite form of balanced binary search tree once and for all as a functor, and it would take as a parameter a module that provides: The type of key to be used in the binary tree A total-ordering function on keys Once you've done this, you can use the same balanced binary tree implementation forever. (The type of value stored in the tree is usually left polymorphic—the tree doesn't need to look at values other than to copy them around, whereas the tree definitely needs to be able to compare keys, and it gets the comparison function from the functor's parameter.) Another application of ML functors is layered network protocols. The link is to a really terrific paper by the CMU Fox group; it shows how to use functors to build more complex protocol layers (like TCP) on type of simpler layers (like IP or even directly over Ethernet). Each layer is implemented as a functor that takes as a parameter the layer below it. The structure of the software actually reflects the way people think about the problem, as opposed to the layers existing only in the mind of the programmer. In 1994 when this work was published, it was a big deal. For a wild example of ML functors in action, you could see the paper ML Module Mania, which contains a publishable (i.e., scary) example of functors at work. For a brilliant, clear, pellucid explanation of the ML modules system (with comparisons to other kinds of modules), read the first few pages of Xavier Leroy's brilliant 1994 POPL paper Manifest Types, Modules, and Separate Compilation. In Haskell, and in some related pure functional language, Functor is a type class. A type belongs to a type class (or more technically, the type "is an instance of" the type class) when the type provides certain operations with certain expected behavior. A type T can belong to class Functor if it has certain collection-like behavior: The type T is parameterized over another type, which you should think of as the element type of the collection. The type of the full collection is then something like T Int, T String, T Bool, if you are containing integers, strings, or Booleans respectively. If the element type is unknown, it is written as a type parameter a, as in T a. Examples include lists (zero or more elements of type a), the Maybe type (zero or one elements of type a), sets of elements of type a, arrays of elements of type a, all kinds of search trees containing values of type a, and lots of others you can think of. The other property that T has to satisfy is that if you have a function of type a -> b (a function on elements), then you have to be able to take that function and product a related function on collections. You do this with the operator fmap, which is shared by every type in the Functor type class. The operator is actually overloaded, so if you have a function even with type Int -> Bool, then fmap even is an overloaded function that can do many wonderful things: Convert a list of integers to a list of Booleans Convert a tree of integers to a tree of Booleans Convert Nothing to Nothing and Just 7 to Just False In Haskell, this property is expressed by giving the type of fmap: fmap :: (Functor t) => (a -> b) -> t a -> t b where we now have a small t, which means "any type in the Functor class." To make a long story short, in Haskell a functor is a kind of collection for which if you are given a function on elements, fmap will give you back a function on collections. As you can imagine, this is an idea that can be widely reused, which is why it is blessed as part of Haskell's standard library.

像往常一样，人们继续发明新的、有用的抽象，您可能想要研究应用函子，对此最好的参考可能是Conor McBride和Ross Paterson撰写的一篇名为《带效果的应用编程》的论文。

这个问题的最佳答案在布伦特·约吉(Brent Yorgey)的《type eclassopedia》中找到。

这一期的单子阅读器包含了一个精确的定义，什么是一个函子以及许多其他概念的定义以及一个图表。(Monoid, Applicative, Monad和其他概念被解释和看到与函子的关系)。

http://haskell.org/sitewiki/images/8/85/TMR-Issue13.pdf

摘自Functor的Typeclassopedia: 一个简单的直觉是，一个Functor代表一个容器 类中的每个元素统一应用函数的能力 容器”

但实际上，所有类型的类目都是强烈推荐的，因为它们出奇地简单。在某种程度上，你可以看到这里的类型类与object中的设计模式是平行的，因为它们为给定的行为或能力提供了词汇表。

干杯

不是为了与前面的理论或数学答案相矛盾，但Functor也是一个对象(在面向对象编程语言中)，它只有一个方法，并且可以有效地用作函数。

Java中的Runnable接口就是一个例子，它只有一个方法:run。

考虑这个例子，首先在Javascript中，它有一级函数:

[1, 2, 5, 10].map(function(x) { return x*x; });

输出: [1,4,25,100]

map方法接受一个函数并返回一个新数组，其中每个元素都是将该函数应用于原始数组中相同位置的值的结果。

要在Java中使用Functor做同样的事情，你首先需要定义一个接口，比如:

public interface IntMapFunction {
  public int f(int x);
}

然后，如果你添加一个集合类，它有一个映射函数，你可以这样做:

myCollection.map(new IntMapFunction() { public int f(int x) { return x * x; } });

这使用了IntMapFunction的一个内嵌子类来创建一个Functor，它是前面JavaScript示例中的函数的OO等效。

使用函子可以在OO语言中应用函数式技术。当然，一些OO语言也直接支持函数，所以这不是必需的。

参考:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_object

在函数式编程中，错误处理是不同的。抛出和捕获异常是命令式代码。不是使用try/catch块，而是围绕可能抛出错误的代码创建一个安全框。这是函数式编程中的基本设计模式。包装器对象用于封装可能错误的值。包装器的主要目的是提供一种使用被包装对象的“不同”方式

 const wrap = (val) => new Wrapper(val);

包装可以保护对值的直接访问，以便对它们进行操作 安全而不可改变。因为我们不能直接得到它，所以提取它的唯一方法就是使用恒等函数。

identity :: (a) -> a

这是恒等函数的另一个用例:从封装的类型中功能地提取数据。

Wrapper类型使用映射来安全地访问和操作值。在本例中，我们将恒等函数映射到容器上，以从容器中提取值。使用这种方法，可以在调用函数之前检查是否为null，或者检查是否为空字符串、负数等等。

 fmap :: (A -> B) -> Wrapper[A] -> Wrapper[B]

Fmap，首先打开容器，然后将给定函数应用于它的值，最后将值关闭到相同类型的新容器中。这种类型的函数称为函子。

Fmap在每次调用时返回容器的新副本。 函子没有副作用 函子必须是可组合的

考虑到其他的答案和我现在要发布的内容，我想说这是一个相当沉重的重载词，但无论如何……

关于Haskell中'functor'这个词的含义，可以问GHCi:

Prelude> :info Functor
class Functor f where
  fmap :: forall a b. (a -> b) -> f a -> f b
  (GHC.Base.<$) :: forall a b. a -> f b -> f a
        -- Defined in GHC.Base
instance Functor Maybe -- Defined in Data.Maybe
instance Functor [] -- Defined in GHC.Base
instance Functor IO -- Defined in GHC.Base

基本上，Haskell中的函子是可以被映射的。另一种说法是，函子是可以被视为容器的东西，它可以被要求使用给定的函数来转换它所包含的值;因此，对于列表，fmap与map重合，对于Maybe, fmap f (Just x) = Just (f x)， fmap f Nothing = Nothing等。

函子类型类小节和《Learn You a Haskell for Great Good》的函子、应用函子和Monoids小节给出了一些例子，说明这个特定概念在哪里有用。(总结一下:很多地方!: -))

请注意，任何单子都可以被视为函子，事实上，正如Craig Stuntz所指出的，最常用的函子往往是单子……对了，有时使一个类型成为Functor类型类的实例是很方便的，而不需要麻烦地使它成为一个单子。(例如，在Control中的ZipList的情况下。适用，在前面提到的页面之一。)