我使用下面更直观的代码。

int countSetBits(int n) {
    return !n ? 0 : 1 + countSetBits(n & (n-1));
}

逻辑:n & (n-1)重置n的最后一个集合位。

附注:我知道这不是O(1)解，尽管这是一个有趣的解。

Python的解决方案:

def hammingWeight(n: int) -> int:
    sums = 0
    while (n!=0):
        sums+=1
        n = n &(n-1)

    return sums

在二进制表示中，n中最不有效的1位总是对应n - 1中的0位。因此，对n和n - 1这两个数进行and运算总是将n中最不有效的1位翻转为0，并保持所有其他位相同。

几个悬而未决的问题:-

如果这个数是负的呢? 如果这个数字是1024，那么“迭代除以2”方法将迭代10次。

我们可以修改算法以支持负数:-

count = 0
while n != 0
if ((n % 2) == 1 || (n % 2) == -1
    count += 1
  n /= 2  
return count

现在为了克服第二个问题，我们可以编写这样的算法:-

int bit_count(int num)
{
    int count=0;
    while(num)
    {
        num=(num)&(num-1);
        count++;
    }
    return count;
}

完整参考请参见:

http://goursaha.freeoda.com/Miscellaneous/IntegerBitCount.html

这是一个可移植的模块(ANSI-C)，它可以在任何架构上对每个算法进行基准测试。

你的CPU有9位字节?目前它实现了2个算法，K&R算法和一个字节查找表。查找表的平均速度比K&R算法快3倍。如果有人能想出办法使“黑客的喜悦”算法可移植，请随意添加它。

#ifndef _BITCOUNT_H_
#define _BITCOUNT_H_

/* Return the Hamming Wieght of val, i.e. the number of 'on' bits. */
int bitcount( unsigned int );

/* List of available bitcount algorithms.  
 * onTheFly:    Calculate the bitcount on demand.
 *
 * lookupTalbe: Uses a small lookup table to determine the bitcount.  This
 * method is on average 3 times as fast as onTheFly, but incurs a small
 * upfront cost to initialize the lookup table on the first call.
 *
 * strategyCount is just a placeholder. 
 */
enum strategy { onTheFly, lookupTable, strategyCount };

/* String represenations of the algorithm names */
extern const char *strategyNames[];

/* Choose which bitcount algorithm to use. */
void setStrategy( enum strategy );

#endif

.

#include <limits.h>

#include "bitcount.h"

/* The number of entries needed in the table is equal to the number of unique
 * values a char can represent which is always UCHAR_MAX + 1*/
static unsigned char _bitCountTable[UCHAR_MAX + 1];
static unsigned int _lookupTableInitialized = 0;

static int _defaultBitCount( unsigned int val ) {
    int count;

    /* Starting with:
     * 1100 - 1 == 1011,  1100 & 1011 == 1000
     * 1000 - 1 == 0111,  1000 & 0111 == 0000
     */
    for ( count = 0; val; ++count )
        val &= val - 1;

    return count;
}

/* Looks up each byte of the integer in a lookup table.
 *
 * The first time the function is called it initializes the lookup table.
 */
static int _tableBitCount( unsigned int val ) {
    int bCount = 0;

    if ( !_lookupTableInitialized ) {
        unsigned int i;
        for ( i = 0; i != UCHAR_MAX + 1; ++i )
            _bitCountTable[i] =
                ( unsigned char )_defaultBitCount( i );

        _lookupTableInitialized = 1;
    }

    for ( ; val; val >>= CHAR_BIT )
        bCount += _bitCountTable[val & UCHAR_MAX];

    return bCount;
}

static int ( *_bitcount ) ( unsigned int ) = _defaultBitCount;

const char *strategyNames[] = { "onTheFly", "lookupTable" };

void setStrategy( enum strategy s ) {
    switch ( s ) {
    case onTheFly:
        _bitcount = _defaultBitCount;
        break;
    case lookupTable:
        _bitcount = _tableBitCount;
        break;
    case strategyCount:
        break;
    }
}

/* Just a forwarding function which will call whichever version of the
 * algorithm has been selected by the client 
 */
int bitcount( unsigned int val ) {
    return _bitcount( val );
}

#ifdef _BITCOUNT_EXE_

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>

/* Use the same sequence of pseudo random numbers to benmark each Hamming
 * Weight algorithm.
 */
void benchmark( int reps ) {
    clock_t start, stop;
    int i, j;
    static const int iterations = 1000000;

    for ( j = 0; j != strategyCount; ++j ) {
        setStrategy( j );

        srand( 257 );

        start = clock(  );

        for ( i = 0; i != reps * iterations; ++i )
            bitcount( rand(  ) );

        stop = clock(  );

        printf
            ( "\n\t%d psudoe-random integers using %s: %f seconds\n\n",
              reps * iterations, strategyNames[j],
              ( double )( stop - start ) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC );
    }
}

int main( void ) {
    int option;

    while ( 1 ) {
        printf( "Menu Options\n"
            "\t1.\tPrint the Hamming Weight of an Integer\n"
            "\t2.\tBenchmark Hamming Weight implementations\n"
            "\t3.\tExit ( or cntl-d )\n\n\t" );

        if ( scanf( "%d", &option ) == EOF )
            break;

        switch ( option ) {
        case 1:
            printf( "Please enter the integer: " );
            if ( scanf( "%d", &option ) != EOF )
                printf
                    ( "The Hamming Weight of %d ( 0x%X ) is %d\n\n",
                      option, option, bitcount( option ) );
            break;
        case 2:
            printf
                ( "Please select number of reps ( in millions ): " );
            if ( scanf( "%d", &option ) != EOF )
                benchmark( option );
            break;
        case 3:
            goto EXIT;
            break;
        default:
            printf( "Invalid option\n" );
        }

    }

 EXIT:
    printf( "\n" );

    return 0;
}

#endif

天真的解决方案

时间复杂度为O(no。n的比特数)

int countSet(unsigned int n)
{
    int res=0;
    while(n!=0){
      res += (n&1);
      n >>= 1;      // logical right shift, like C unsigned or Java >>>
    }
   return res;
}

Brian Kerningam的算法

时间复杂度为O(n中设置位的个数)

int countSet(unsigned int n)
{
  int res=0;
  while(n != 0)
  {
    n = (n & (n-1));
    res++;
  }
  return res;
} 

32位数字的查找表方法-在这种方法中，我们将32位数字分解为4个8位数字的块

时间复杂度为O(1)

static unsigned char table[256]; /* the table size is 256,
                        the number of values i&0xFF (8 bits) can have */

void initialize() //holds the number of set bits from 0 to 255
{
  table[0]=0;
  for(unsigned int i=1;i<256;i++)
     table[i]=(i&1)+table[i>>1];
}

int countSet(unsigned int n)
{
  // 0xff is hexadecimal representation of 8 set bits.
  int res=table[n & 0xff];
  n=n>>8;
  res=res+ table[n & 0xff];
  n=n>>8;
  res=res+ table[n & 0xff];
  n=n>>8;
  res=res+ table[n & 0xff];
  return res;
}

你可以使用内置函数__builtin_popcount()。c++中没有__builtin_popcount，但它是GCC编译器的内置函数。这个函数返回一个整数中的设置位数。

int __builtin_popcount (unsigned int x);

参考:Bit Twiddling Hacks