我想这个问题是关于线程安全单例和带有双重检查锁定的惰性初始化之间的区别。当我需要实现某些特定的单例时，我总是会参考这篇文章。

这是一个线程安全单例:

// Java program to create Thread Safe 
// Singleton class 
public class GFG  
{ 
  // private instance, so that it can be 
  // accessed by only by getInstance() method 
  private static GFG instance; 

  private GFG()  
  { 
    // private constructor 
  } 

 //synchronized method to control simultaneous access 
  synchronized public static GFG getInstance()  
  { 
    if (instance == null)  
    { 
      // if instance is null, initialize 
      instance = new GFG(); 
    } 
    return instance; 
  } 
} 

优点: 延迟初始化是可能的。 它是线程安全的。 缺点: getInstance()方法是同步的，因此它会导致性能变慢，因为多个线程不能同时访问它。

这是一个带有双重检查锁定的Lazy初始化:

// Java code to explain double check locking 
public class GFG  
{ 
  // private instance, so that it can be 
  // accessed by only by getInstance() method 
  private static GFG instance; 

  private GFG()  
  { 
    // private constructor 
  } 

  public static GFG getInstance() 
  { 
    if (instance == null)  
    { 
      //synchronized block to remove overhead 
      synchronized (GFG.class) 
      { 
        if(instance==null) 
        { 
          // if instance is null, initialize 
          instance = new GFG(); 
        } 

      } 
    } 
    return instance; 
  } 
} 

优点: 延迟初始化是可能的。 它也是线程安全的。 克服了synchronized关键字导致的性能下降。 缺点: 第一次，它会影响性能。 由于双止回锁方法的缺点是可以承受的，所以可以 用于高性能多线程应用程序。

详情请参考这篇文章:

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java-singleton-design-pattern-practices-examples/

注意:静态同步方法和块工作在Class对象上。

public class MyClass {
   // locks MyClass.class
   public static synchronized void foo() {
// do something
   }

   // similar
   public static void foo() {
      synchronized(MyClass.class) {
// do something
      }
   }
}

In general these are mostly the same other than being explicit about the object's monitor that's being used vs the implicit this object. One downside of synchronized methods that I think is sometimes overlooked is that in using the "this" reference to synchronize on you are leaving open the possibility of external objects locking on the same object. That can be a very subtle bug if you run into it. Synchronizing on an internal explicit Object or other existing field can avoid this issue, completely encapsulating the synchronization.

大多数情况下，我使用它来同步对列表或映射的访问，但我不想阻止对对象的所有方法的访问。

在下面的代码中，修改列表的线程不会阻塞等待正在修改映射的线程。如果方法在对象上是同步的，那么每个方法都必须等待，即使它们所做的修改不会冲突。

private List<Foo> myList = new ArrayList<Foo>();
private Map<String,Bar) myMap = new HashMap<String,Bar>();

public void put( String s, Bar b ) {
  synchronized( myMap ) {
    myMap.put( s,b );
    // then some thing that may take a while like a database access or RPC or notifying listeners
  }
}

public void hasKey( String s, ) {
  synchronized( myMap ) {
    myMap.hasKey( s );
  }
}

public void add( Foo f ) {
  synchronized( myList ) {
    myList.add( f );
// then some thing that may take a while like a database access or RPC or notifying listeners
  }
}

public Thing getMedianFoo() {
  Foo med = null;
  synchronized( myList ) {
    Collections.sort(myList);
    med = myList.get(myList.size()/2); 
  }
  return med;
}

As already said here synchronized block can use user-defined variable as lock object, when synchronized function uses only "this". And of course you can manipulate with areas of your function which should be synchronized. But everyone says that no difference between synchronized function and block which covers whole function using "this" as lock object. That is not true, difference is in byte code which will be generated in both situations. In case of synchronized block usage should be allocated local variable which holds reference to "this". And as result we will have a little bit larger size for function (not relevant if you have only few number of functions).

你可以在这里找到更详细的解释: http://www.artima.com/insidejvm/ed2/threadsynchP.html

同步的方法

优点:

您的IDE可以指示同步方法。 语法更加紧凑。 强制将同步块分割为单独的方法。

缺点:

与此同步，因此外部人员也可以与之同步。 将代码移到同步块之外更加困难。

同步块

优点:

允许为锁使用私有变量，从而将锁强制留在类内部。 同步块可以通过搜索变量的引用来找到。

缺点:

语法更复杂，因此使代码更难阅读。

就我个人而言，我更喜欢使用同步方法，类只关注需要同步的东西。这样的类应该尽可能小，所以应该很容易检查同步。其他人不需要关心同步。