我只使用friend关键字来单元测试受保护的函数。有些人会说不应该测试受保护的功能。然而，在添加新功能时，我发现这个工具非常有用。

然而，我没有直接在类声明中使用关键字in，而是使用一个漂亮的模板-hack来实现这一点:

template<typename T>
class FriendIdentity {
public:
  typedef T me;
};

/**
 * A class to get access to protected stuff in unittests. Don't use
 * directly, use friendMe() instead.
 */
template<class ToFriend, typename ParentClass>
class Friender: public ParentClass
{
public:
  Friender() {}
  virtual ~Friender() {}
private:
// MSVC != GCC
#ifdef _MSC_VER
  friend ToFriend;
#else
  friend class FriendIdentity<ToFriend>::me;
#endif
};

/**
 * Gives access to protected variables/functions in unittests.
 * Usage: <code>friendMe(this, someprotectedobject).someProtectedMethod();</code>
 */
template<typename Tester, typename ParentClass>
Friender<Tester, ParentClass> & 
friendMe(Tester * me, ParentClass & instance)
{
    return (Friender<Tester, ParentClass> &)(instance);
}

这使我能够做到以下几点:

friendMe(this, someClassInstance).someProtectedFunction();

至少适用于GCC和MSVC。

对于操作符<<和操作符>>，没有很好的理由让这些操作符成为朋友。它们确实不应该是成员函数，但它们也不需要是朋友函数。

最好的方法是创建公共打印(ostream&)和读取(istream&)函数。然后，根据这些函数写出操作符<<和操作符>>。这提供了额外的好处，允许您将这些函数设置为虚拟函数，从而提供虚拟序列化。

安德鲁例子的另一个常见版本，可怕的密码对联

parent.addChild(child);
child.setParent(parent);

与其担心这两行是否总是一起执行，并且顺序一致，你可以将方法设为私有，并有一个friend函数来强制一致性:

class Parent;

class Object {
private:
    void setParent(Parent&);

    friend void addChild(Parent& parent, Object& child);
};

class Parent : public Object {
private:
     void addChild(Object& child);

     friend void addChild(Parent& parent, Object& child);
};

void addChild(Parent& parent, Object& child) {
    if( &parent == &child ){ 
        wetPants(); 
    }
    parent.addChild(child);
    child.setParent(parent);
}

换句话说，您可以保持公共接口更小，并强制在友元函数中跨越类和对象的不变量。

In C++ "friend" keyword is useful in Operator overloading and Making Bridge. 1.) Friend keyword in operator overloading :Example for operator overloading is: Let say we have a class "Point" that has two float variable"x"(for x-coordinate) and "y"(for y-coordinate). Now we have to overload "<<"(extraction operator) such that if we call "cout << pointobj" then it will print x and y coordinate (where pointobj is an object of class Point). To do this we have two option: 1.Overload "operator <<()" function in "ostream" class. 2.Overload "operator<<()" function in "Point" class. Now First option is not good because if we need to overload again this operator for some different class then we have to again make change in "ostream" class. That's why second is best option. Now compiler can call "operator <<()" function:

   1.Using ostream object cout.As: cout.operator<<(Pointobj) (form ostream class).
   2.Call without an object.As: operator<<(cout, Pointobj) (from Point class).

Beacause we have implemented overloading in Point class. So to call this function without an object we have to add"friend" keyword because we can call a friend function without an object. Now function declaration will be As: "friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout, Point &pointobj);" 2.) Friend keyword in making bridge : Suppose we have to make a function in which we have to access private member of two or more classes ( generally termed as "bridge" ) . How to do this: To access private member of a class it should be member of that class. Now to access private member of other class every class should declare that function as a friend function. For example : Suppose there are two class A and B. A function "funcBridge()" want to access private member of both classes. Then both class should declare "funcBridge()" as: friend return_type funcBridge(A &a_obj, B & b_obj);I think this would help to understand friend keyword.

好友对于回调也很有用。可以将回调函数作为静态方法来实现

class MyFoo
{
private:
    static void callback(void * data, void * clientData);
    void localCallback();
    ...
};

回调在内部调用localCallback, clientData中有你的实例。在我看来，

还是……

class MyFoo
{
    friend void callback(void * data, void * callData);
    void localCallback();
}

这允许友元在cpp中被定义为c风格的函数，而不会使类变得混乱。

类似地，我经常看到的一种模式是将一个类的所有真正的私有成员放到另一个类中，该类在头文件中声明，在cpp中定义，并加为好友。这允许编码器向头文件的用户隐藏类的很多复杂性和内部工作。

在头文件中:

class MyFooPrivate;
class MyFoo
{
    friend class MyFooPrivate;
public:
    MyFoo();
    // Public stuff
private:
    MyFooPrivate _private;
    // Other private members as needed
};

在cpp中，

class MyFooPrivate
{
public:
   MyFoo *owner;
   // Your complexity here
};

MyFoo::MyFoo()
{
    this->_private->owner = this;
}

这样就更容易隐藏下游不需要看到的东西。

在我之前工作过的一家公司里，我们遇到了一个有趣的问题，我们用朋友来产生良好的影响。我在我们的框架部门工作，我们在自定义操作系统上创建了一个基本的引擎级系统。在内部我们有一个类结构:

         Game
        /    \
 TwoPlayer  SinglePlayer

所有这些类都是框架的一部分，由我们的团队维护。该公司所制作的游戏便是基于这一源自games子游戏的框架。问题是Game有各种单人和双人玩家需要访问的东西的接口，但我们不想在框架类之外公开。解决方案是将这些接口设为私有，并允许双人和单人玩家通过友谊访问它们。

事实上，这整个问题本可以通过更好地实施我们的系统来解决，但我们被锁定在我们所拥有的东西上。