我只使用friend关键字来单元测试受保护的函数。有些人会说不应该测试受保护的功能。然而，在添加新功能时，我发现这个工具非常有用。

然而，我没有直接在类声明中使用关键字in，而是使用一个漂亮的模板-hack来实现这一点:

template<typename T>
class FriendIdentity {
public:
  typedef T me;
};

/**
 * A class to get access to protected stuff in unittests. Don't use
 * directly, use friendMe() instead.
 */
template<class ToFriend, typename ParentClass>
class Friender: public ParentClass
{
public:
  Friender() {}
  virtual ~Friender() {}
private:
// MSVC != GCC
#ifdef _MSC_VER
  friend ToFriend;
#else
  friend class FriendIdentity<ToFriend>::me;
#endif
};

/**
 * Gives access to protected variables/functions in unittests.
 * Usage: <code>friendMe(this, someprotectedobject).someProtectedMethod();</code>
 */
template<typename Tester, typename ParentClass>
Friender<Tester, ParentClass> & 
friendMe(Tester * me, ParentClass & instance)
{
    return (Friender<Tester, ParentClass> &)(instance);
}

这使我能够做到以下几点:

friendMe(this, someClassInstance).someProtectedFunction();

至少适用于GCC和MSVC。

我使用friend的一个特定实例是在创建Singleton类时。friend关键字允许我创建一个访问器函数，这比总是在类上使用“GetInstance()”方法更简洁。

/////////////////////////
// Header file
class MySingleton
{
private:
    // Private c-tor for Singleton pattern
    MySingleton() {}

    friend MySingleton& GetMySingleton();
}

// Accessor function - less verbose than having a "GetInstance()"
//   static function on the class
MySingleton& GetMySingleton();


/////////////////////////
// Implementation file
MySingleton& GetMySingleton()
{
    static MySingleton theInstance;
    return theInstance;
}

In C++ "friend" keyword is useful in Operator overloading and Making Bridge. 1.) Friend keyword in operator overloading :Example for operator overloading is: Let say we have a class "Point" that has two float variable"x"(for x-coordinate) and "y"(for y-coordinate). Now we have to overload "<<"(extraction operator) such that if we call "cout << pointobj" then it will print x and y coordinate (where pointobj is an object of class Point). To do this we have two option: 1.Overload "operator <<()" function in "ostream" class. 2.Overload "operator<<()" function in "Point" class. Now First option is not good because if we need to overload again this operator for some different class then we have to again make change in "ostream" class. That's why second is best option. Now compiler can call "operator <<()" function:

   1.Using ostream object cout.As: cout.operator<<(Pointobj) (form ostream class).
   2.Call without an object.As: operator<<(cout, Pointobj) (from Point class).

Beacause we have implemented overloading in Point class. So to call this function without an object we have to add"friend" keyword because we can call a friend function without an object. Now function declaration will be As: "friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout, Point &pointobj);" 2.) Friend keyword in making bridge : Suppose we have to make a function in which we have to access private member of two or more classes ( generally termed as "bridge" ) . How to do this: To access private member of a class it should be member of that class. Now to access private member of other class every class should declare that function as a friend function. For example : Suppose there are two class A and B. A function "funcBridge()" want to access private member of both classes. Then both class should declare "funcBridge()" as: friend return_type funcBridge(A &a_obj, B & b_obj);I think this would help to understand friend keyword.

在我之前工作过的一家公司里，我们遇到了一个有趣的问题，我们用朋友来产生良好的影响。我在我们的框架部门工作，我们在自定义操作系统上创建了一个基本的引擎级系统。在内部我们有一个类结构:

         Game
        /    \
 TwoPlayer  SinglePlayer

所有这些类都是框架的一部分，由我们的团队维护。该公司所制作的游戏便是基于这一源自games子游戏的框架。问题是Game有各种单人和双人玩家需要访问的东西的接口，但我们不想在框架类之外公开。解决方案是将这些接口设为私有，并允许双人和单人玩家通过友谊访问它们。

事实上，这整个问题本可以通过更好地实施我们的系统来解决，但我们被锁定在我们所拥有的东西上。

在做TDD的时候，我经常使用c++中的'friend'关键字。

朋友能知道我的一切吗?

更新:我从Bjarne Stroustrup网站上找到了这个关于“朋友”关键字的有价值的答案。

“好友”是一种授予访问权限的显式机制，就像会员资格一样。

简短的回答是:在friend确实可以改善封装时使用它。提高可读性和可用性(操作符<<和>>是典型的例子)也是一个很好的理由。

至于改进封装的例子，专门设计用于处理其他类的内部结构的类(想到了测试类)是很好的候选。