In C++ "friend" keyword is useful in Operator overloading and Making Bridge. 1.) Friend keyword in operator overloading :Example for operator overloading is: Let say we have a class "Point" that has two float variable"x"(for x-coordinate) and "y"(for y-coordinate). Now we have to overload "<<"(extraction operator) such that if we call "cout << pointobj" then it will print x and y coordinate (where pointobj is an object of class Point). To do this we have two option: 1.Overload "operator <<()" function in "ostream" class. 2.Overload "operator<<()" function in "Point" class. Now First option is not good because if we need to overload again this operator for some different class then we have to again make change in "ostream" class. That's why second is best option. Now compiler can call "operator <<()" function:

   1.Using ostream object cout.As: cout.operator<<(Pointobj) (form ostream class).
   2.Call without an object.As: operator<<(cout, Pointobj) (from Point class).

Beacause we have implemented overloading in Point class. So to call this function without an object we have to add"friend" keyword because we can call a friend function without an object. Now function declaration will be As: "friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout, Point &pointobj);" 2.) Friend keyword in making bridge : Suppose we have to make a function in which we have to access private member of two or more classes ( generally termed as "bridge" ) . How to do this: To access private member of a class it should be member of that class. Now to access private member of other class every class should declare that function as a friend function. For example : Suppose there are two class A and B. A function "funcBridge()" want to access private member of both classes. Then both class should declare "funcBridge()" as: friend return_type funcBridge(A &a_obj, B & b_obj);I think this would help to understand friend keyword.

您可以坚持最严格和最纯粹的OOP原则，并确保任何类的数据成员都没有访问器，这样所有对象都必须是唯一可以知道它们的数据的对象，并且对它们进行操作的唯一方法是通过间接消息(即方法)。

但即使是c#也有一个内部可见性关键字，Java也有默认的包级可访问性。c++实际上更接近于OOP的理想，它通过精确地指定哪些其他类或只有其他类可以看到一个类，从而最大限度地减少了类的可见性。

我不太使用c++，但如果c#有朋友，我会用它来代替我经常使用的汇编全局内部修饰符。它并没有真正打破封装，因为。net中的部署单元是一个程序集。

但是还有InternalsVisibleToAttribute(otherAssembly)，它的作用类似于跨组装的友元机制。微软将此用于可视化设计器程序集。

@roo:这里没有破坏封装，因为类本身规定了谁可以访问它的私有成员。只有当这可能是由类外部引起时，封装才会被破坏，例如，如果你的操作符<<声明“我是类foo的朋友”。

朋友代替了公开的用法，而不是私人的用法!

实际上，c++ FAQ已经回答了这个问题。

我使用friend的一个特定实例是在创建Singleton类时。friend关键字允许我创建一个访问器函数，这比总是在类上使用“GetInstance()”方法更简洁。

/////////////////////////
// Header file
class MySingleton
{
private:
    // Private c-tor for Singleton pattern
    MySingleton() {}

    friend MySingleton& GetMySingleton();
}

// Accessor function - less verbose than having a "GetInstance()"
//   static function on the class
MySingleton& GetMySingleton();


/////////////////////////
// Implementation file
MySingleton& GetMySingleton()
{
    static MySingleton theInstance;
    return theInstance;
}

好友对于回调也很有用。可以将回调函数作为静态方法来实现

class MyFoo
{
private:
    static void callback(void * data, void * clientData);
    void localCallback();
    ...
};

回调在内部调用localCallback, clientData中有你的实例。在我看来，

还是……

class MyFoo
{
    friend void callback(void * data, void * callData);
    void localCallback();
}

这允许友元在cpp中被定义为c风格的函数，而不会使类变得混乱。

类似地，我经常看到的一种模式是将一个类的所有真正的私有成员放到另一个类中，该类在头文件中声明，在cpp中定义，并加为好友。这允许编码器向头文件的用户隐藏类的很多复杂性和内部工作。

在头文件中:

class MyFooPrivate;
class MyFoo
{
    friend class MyFooPrivate;
public:
    MyFoo();
    // Public stuff
private:
    MyFooPrivate _private;
    // Other private members as needed
};

在cpp中，

class MyFooPrivate
{
public:
   MyFoo *owner;
   // Your complexity here
};

MyFoo::MyFoo()
{
    this->_private->owner = this;
}

这样就更容易隐藏下游不需要看到的东西。

我发现了一个使用好友访问的方便地方:私有函数的Unittest。