In C++ "friend" keyword is useful in Operator overloading and Making Bridge. 1.) Friend keyword in operator overloading :Example for operator overloading is: Let say we have a class "Point" that has two float variable"x"(for x-coordinate) and "y"(for y-coordinate). Now we have to overload "<<"(extraction operator) such that if we call "cout << pointobj" then it will print x and y coordinate (where pointobj is an object of class Point). To do this we have two option: 1.Overload "operator <<()" function in "ostream" class. 2.Overload "operator<<()" function in "Point" class. Now First option is not good because if we need to overload again this operator for some different class then we have to again make change in "ostream" class. That's why second is best option. Now compiler can call "operator <<()" function:

   1.Using ostream object cout.As: cout.operator<<(Pointobj) (form ostream class).
   2.Call without an object.As: operator<<(cout, Pointobj) (from Point class).

Beacause we have implemented overloading in Point class. So to call this function without an object we have to add"friend" keyword because we can call a friend function without an object. Now function declaration will be As: "friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout, Point &pointobj);" 2.) Friend keyword in making bridge : Suppose we have to make a function in which we have to access private member of two or more classes ( generally termed as "bridge" ) . How to do this: To access private member of a class it should be member of that class. Now to access private member of other class every class should declare that function as a friend function. For example : Suppose there are two class A and B. A function "funcBridge()" want to access private member of both classes. Then both class should declare "funcBridge()" as: friend return_type funcBridge(A &a_obj, B & b_obj);I think this would help to understand friend keyword.

安德鲁例子的另一个常见版本，可怕的密码对联

parent.addChild(child);
child.setParent(parent);

与其担心这两行是否总是一起执行，并且顺序一致，你可以将方法设为私有，并有一个friend函数来强制一致性:

class Parent;

class Object {
private:
    void setParent(Parent&);

    friend void addChild(Parent& parent, Object& child);
};

class Parent : public Object {
private:
     void addChild(Object& child);

     friend void addChild(Parent& parent, Object& child);
};

void addChild(Parent& parent, Object& child) {
    if( &parent == &child ){ 
        wetPants(); 
    }
    parent.addChild(child);
    child.setParent(parent);
}

换句话说，您可以保持公共接口更小，并强制在友元函数中跨越类和对象的不变量。

我使用friend的一个特定实例是在创建Singleton类时。friend关键字允许我创建一个访问器函数，这比总是在类上使用“GetInstance()”方法更简洁。

/////////////////////////
// Header file
class MySingleton
{
private:
    // Private c-tor for Singleton pattern
    MySingleton() {}

    friend MySingleton& GetMySingleton();
}

// Accessor function - less verbose than having a "GetInstance()"
//   static function on the class
MySingleton& GetMySingleton();


/////////////////////////
// Implementation file
MySingleton& GetMySingleton()
{
    static MySingleton theInstance;
    return theInstance;
}

c++的创建者说这并没有破坏任何封装原则，我将引用他的话:

“朋友”是否违反封装? 不。但事实并非如此。“好友”是一种授予访问权限的显式机制，就像会员资格一样。你不能(在符合标准的程序中)在不修改类源的情况下授予自己对类的访问权。

很明显…

你必须非常小心何时何地使用friend关键字，和你一样，我很少使用它。下面是一些关于使用friend和替代用法的注意事项。

假设你想比较两个对象，看它们是否相等。你可以:

使用访问器方法进行比较(检查每个ivar并确定是否相等)。 或者，您可以通过将所有成员设为public直接访问它们。

第一个选项的问题是，这可能会有很多访问器，这比直接变量访问(稍微)慢，更难读取，而且很麻烦。第二种方法的问题是完全破坏了封装。

如果我们可以定义一个外部函数，它仍然可以访问类的私有成员，那就更好了。我们可以用friend关键字做到这一点:

class Beer {
public:
    friend bool equal(Beer a, Beer b);
private:
    // ...
};

equal(Beer, Beer)方法现在可以直接访问a和b的私有成员(可能是char *brand, float percentAlcohol等)。这是一个相当做作的例子，您可能会更早地将friend应用于重载的==操作符，但我们会讲到这一点。

有几件事需要注意:

A friend is NOT a member function of the class It is an ordinary function with special access to the private members of the class Don't replace all accessors and mutators with friends (you may as well make everything public!) Friendship isn't reciprocal Friendship isn't transitive Friendship isn't inherited Or, as the C++ FAQ explains: "Just because I grant you friendship access to me doesn't automatically grant your kids access to me, doesn't automatically grant your friends access to me, and doesn't automatically grant me access to you."

我只有在用另一种方法更难的时候才会用朋友。另一个例子是，由于Mat2x2, Mat3x3, Mat4x4, Vec2, Vec3, Vec4等的互操作性，许多向量数学函数经常被创建为朋友。而且做朋友比到处使用访问器要容易得多。正如所指出的，friend在应用于<<(非常方便调试)、>>和==运算符时通常很有用，但也可以用于这样的事情:

class Birds {
public:
    friend Birds operator +(Birds, Birds);
private:
    int numberInFlock;
};


Birds operator +(Birds b1, Birds b2) {
    Birds temp;
    temp.numberInFlock = b1.numberInFlock + b2.numberInFlock;
    return temp;
}

就像我说的，我不经常使用friend这个词，但偶尔它正是你所需要的。希望这能有所帮助!

对于操作符<<和操作符>>，没有很好的理由让这些操作符成为朋友。它们确实不应该是成员函数，但它们也不需要是朋友函数。

最好的方法是创建公共打印(ostream&)和读取(istream&)函数。然后，根据这些函数写出操作符<<和操作符>>。这提供了额外的好处，允许您将这些函数设置为虚拟函数，从而提供虚拟序列化。