In C++ "friend" keyword is useful in Operator overloading and Making Bridge. 1.) Friend keyword in operator overloading :Example for operator overloading is: Let say we have a class "Point" that has two float variable"x"(for x-coordinate) and "y"(for y-coordinate). Now we have to overload "<<"(extraction operator) such that if we call "cout << pointobj" then it will print x and y coordinate (where pointobj is an object of class Point). To do this we have two option: 1.Overload "operator <<()" function in "ostream" class. 2.Overload "operator<<()" function in "Point" class. Now First option is not good because if we need to overload again this operator for some different class then we have to again make change in "ostream" class. That's why second is best option. Now compiler can call "operator <<()" function:

   1.Using ostream object cout.As: cout.operator<<(Pointobj) (form ostream class).
   2.Call without an object.As: operator<<(cout, Pointobj) (from Point class).

Beacause we have implemented overloading in Point class. So to call this function without an object we have to add"friend" keyword because we can call a friend function without an object. Now function declaration will be As: "friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout, Point &pointobj);" 2.) Friend keyword in making bridge : Suppose we have to make a function in which we have to access private member of two or more classes ( generally termed as "bridge" ) . How to do this: To access private member of a class it should be member of that class. Now to access private member of other class every class should declare that function as a friend function. For example : Suppose there are two class A and B. A function "funcBridge()" want to access private member of both classes. Then both class should declare "funcBridge()" as: friend return_type funcBridge(A &a_obj, B & b_obj);I think this would help to understand friend keyword.

友函数和类提供对类的私有和受保护成员的直接访问，以避免在一般情况下破坏封装。大多数使用是与ostream:我们希望能够键入:

Point p;
cout << p;

但是，这可能需要访问Point的私有数据，因此我们定义了重载操作符

friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& output, const Point& p);

然而，这里有明显的封装含义。首先，现在友类或函数可以完全访问类的所有成员，甚至不属于它的需要。其次，类和友元的实现现在交织在一起，以至于类中的内部更改可以破坏友元。

如果您将好友视为类的扩展，那么从逻辑上讲，这就不是问题。但是，在这种情况下，为什么有必要首先把朋友挖出来呢?

在不破坏封装的情况下，要实现“friends”所宣称的相同目标，可以这样做:

class A
{
public:
    void need_your_data(B & myBuddy)
    {
        myBuddy.take_this_name(name_);
    }
private:
    string name_;
};

class B
{
public:
    void print_buddy_name(A & myBuddy)
    {
        myBuddy.need_your_data(*this);
    }
    void take_this_name(const string & name)
    {
        cout << name;
    }
}; 

封装并没有被破坏，类B不能访问A中的内部实现，但结果与我们将B声明为A的朋友是一样的。 编译器将优化掉函数调用，因此这将导致与直接访问相同的指令。

我认为使用“朋友”是一个简单的捷径，有争议的好处，但一定的成本。

friend关键字有很多好的用途。以下是我能立即看到的两种用法:

朋友的定义

友元定义允许在类作用域中定义函数，但该函数不会被定义为成员函数，而是被定义为外围命名空间的自由函数，并且除了依赖参数的查找之外通常不可见。这使得它对于操作符重载特别有用:

namespace utils {
    class f {
    private:
        typedef int int_type;
        int_type value;

    public:
        // let's assume it doesn't only need .value, but some
        // internal stuff.
        friend f operator+(f const& a, f const& b) {
            // name resolution finds names in class-scope. 
            // int_type is visible here.
            return f(a.value + b.value);
        }

        int getValue() const { return value; }
    };
}

int main() {
    utils::f a, b;
    std::cout << (a + b).getValue(); // valid
}

私有CRTP基类

有时候，你会发现策略需要访问派生类:

// possible policy used for flexible-class.
template<typename Derived>
struct Policy {
    void doSomething() {
        // casting this to Derived* requires us to see that we are a 
        // base-class of Derived.
        some_type const& t = static_cast<Derived*>(this)->getSomething();
    }
};

// note, derived privately
template<template<typename> class SomePolicy>
struct FlexibleClass : private SomePolicy<FlexibleClass> {
    // we derive privately, so the base-class wouldn't notice that, 
    // (even though it's the base itself!), so we need a friend declaration
    // to make the base a friend of us.
    friend class SomePolicy<FlexibleClass>;

    void doStuff() {
         // calls doSomething of the policy
         this->doSomething();
    }

    // will return useful information
    some_type getSomething();
};

在这个回答中，你会发现一个不做作的例子。在这个答案中使用了另一个代码。CRTP基类强制转换其this指针，以便能够使用数据成员指针访问派生类的数据字段。

在为类实现树算法时，教授给我们的框架代码将树类作为节点类的朋友。

它实际上没有任何好处，除了让你在不使用设置函数的情况下访问成员变量。

首先(依我看)不要听那些说朋友没用的人。它是有用的。在许多情况下，您将拥有具有不打算公开可用的数据或功能的对象。对于许多作者可能只是表面上熟悉不同领域的大型代码库尤其如此。

友元说明符也有替代方案，但通常都很麻烦(cppp级别的具体类/掩码类型定义)，或者不是万无一错(注释或函数名约定)。

在答案上;

友元说明符允许指定类访问发出友元语句的类内受保护的数据或功能。例如，在下面的代码中，任何人都可以询问孩子的名字，但只有母亲和孩子可以更改名字。

您可以通过考虑一个更复杂的类(如Window)来进一步考虑这个简单的示例。一个窗口很可能会有许多不应该被公开访问的函数/数据元素，但是被相关的类(如WindowManager)所需要。

class Child
{
//Mother class members can access the private parts of class Child.
friend class Mother;

public:

  string name( void );

protected:

  void setName( string newName );
};

在构建容器并希望为该类实现迭代器时，Friend可以派上用场。