我使用friend的一个特定实例是在创建Singleton类时。friend关键字允许我创建一个访问器函数，这比总是在类上使用“GetInstance()”方法更简洁。

/////////////////////////
// Header file
class MySingleton
{
private:
    // Private c-tor for Singleton pattern
    MySingleton() {}

    friend MySingleton& GetMySingleton();
}

// Accessor function - less verbose than having a "GetInstance()"
//   static function on the class
MySingleton& GetMySingleton();


/////////////////////////
// Implementation file
MySingleton& GetMySingleton()
{
    static MySingleton theInstance;
    return theInstance;
}

这可能不是一个实际的用例情况，但可能有助于说明类间朋友关系的使用。

会所

class ClubHouse {
public:
    friend class VIPMember; // VIP Members Have Full Access To Class
private:
    unsigned nonMembers_;
    unsigned paidMembers_;
    unsigned vipMembers;

    std::vector<Member> members_;
public:
    ClubHouse() : nonMembers_(0), paidMembers_(0), vipMembers(0) {}

    addMember( const Member& member ) { // ...code }   
    void updateMembership( unsigned memberID, Member::MembershipType type ) { // ...code }
    Amenity getAmenity( unsigned memberID ) { // ...code }

protected:
    void joinVIPEvent( unsigned memberID ) { // ...code }

}; // ClubHouse

会员班的

class Member {
public:
    enum MemberShipType {
        NON_MEMBER_PAID_EVENT,   // Single Event Paid (At Door)
        PAID_MEMBERSHIP,         // Monthly - Yearly Subscription
        VIP_MEMBERSHIP,          // Highest Possible Membership
    }; // MemberShipType

protected:
    MemberShipType type_;
    unsigned id_;
    Amenity amenity_;
public:
    Member( unsigned id, MemberShipType type ) : id_(id), type_(type) {}
    virtual ~Member(){}
    unsigned getId() const { return id_; }
    MemberShipType getType() const { return type_; }
    virtual void getAmenityFromClubHouse() = 0       
};

class NonMember : public Member {
public:
   explicit NonMember( unsigned id ) : Member( id, MemberShipType::NON_MEMBER_PAID_EVENT ) {}   

   void getAmenityFromClubHouse() override {
       Amenity = ClubHouse::getAmenity( this->id_ );
    }
};

class PaidMember : public Member {
public:
    explicit PaidMember( unsigned id ) : Member( id, MemberShipType::PAID_MEMBERSHIP ) {}

    void getAmenityFromClubHouse() override {
       Amenity = ClubHouse::getAmenity( this->id_ );
    }
};

class VIPMember : public Member {
public:
    friend class ClubHouse;
public:
    explicit VIPMember( unsigned id ) : Member( id, MemberShipType::VIP_MEMBERSHIP ) {}

    void getAmenityFromClubHouse() override {
       Amenity = ClubHouse::getAmenity( this->id_ );
    }

    void attendVIPEvent() {
        ClubHouse::joinVIPEvent( this->id );
    }
};

设施

class Amenity{};

如果你看看这些类之间的关系;会所拥有各种不同类型的会员资格和会员资格。成员都派生自超类或基类，因为它们都共享公共的ID和枚举类型，外部类可以通过基类中的访问函数访问它们的ID和类型。

然而，通过这种成员及其派生类的层次结构以及它们与ClubHouse类的关系，派生类中唯一具有“特殊特权”的是VIPMember类。基类和其他2个派生类不能访问ClubHouse的joinVIPEvent()方法，但VIP Member类拥有该特权，就好像它拥有对该事件的完全访问一样。

所以对于vip会员和ClubHouse，这是一个双向通道，而其他会员职业是有限的。

在工作中，我们广泛地请朋友来测试代码。这意味着我们可以为主应用程序代码提供适当的封装和信息隐藏。但我们也可以有单独的测试代码，使用朋友来检查内部状态和数据进行测试。

可以说，我不会将friend关键字作为设计的重要组成部分。

可能我从上面的答案中漏掉了一些东西，但是封装中另一个重要的概念是隐藏实现。减少对私有数据成员(类的实现细节)的访问，可以更容易地修改代码。如果朋友直接访问私有数据，对实现数据字段(私有数据)的任何更改都会破坏访问该数据的代码。使用访问方法可以很大程度上消除这种情况。我认为相当重要。

In C++ "friend" keyword is useful in Operator overloading and Making Bridge. 1.) Friend keyword in operator overloading :Example for operator overloading is: Let say we have a class "Point" that has two float variable"x"(for x-coordinate) and "y"(for y-coordinate). Now we have to overload "<<"(extraction operator) such that if we call "cout << pointobj" then it will print x and y coordinate (where pointobj is an object of class Point). To do this we have two option: 1.Overload "operator <<()" function in "ostream" class. 2.Overload "operator<<()" function in "Point" class. Now First option is not good because if we need to overload again this operator for some different class then we have to again make change in "ostream" class. That's why second is best option. Now compiler can call "operator <<()" function:

   1.Using ostream object cout.As: cout.operator<<(Pointobj) (form ostream class).
   2.Call without an object.As: operator<<(cout, Pointobj) (from Point class).

Beacause we have implemented overloading in Point class. So to call this function without an object we have to add"friend" keyword because we can call a friend function without an object. Now function declaration will be As: "friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout, Point &pointobj);" 2.) Friend keyword in making bridge : Suppose we have to make a function in which we have to access private member of two or more classes ( generally termed as "bridge" ) . How to do this: To access private member of a class it should be member of that class. Now to access private member of other class every class should declare that function as a friend function. For example : Suppose there are two class A and B. A function "funcBridge()" want to access private member of both classes. Then both class should declare "funcBridge()" as: friend return_type funcBridge(A &a_obj, B & b_obj);I think this would help to understand friend keyword.

friend关键字有很多好的用途。以下是我能立即看到的两种用法:

朋友的定义

友元定义允许在类作用域中定义函数，但该函数不会被定义为成员函数，而是被定义为外围命名空间的自由函数，并且除了依赖参数的查找之外通常不可见。这使得它对于操作符重载特别有用:

namespace utils {
    class f {
    private:
        typedef int int_type;
        int_type value;

    public:
        // let's assume it doesn't only need .value, but some
        // internal stuff.
        friend f operator+(f const& a, f const& b) {
            // name resolution finds names in class-scope. 
            // int_type is visible here.
            return f(a.value + b.value);
        }

        int getValue() const { return value; }
    };
}

int main() {
    utils::f a, b;
    std::cout << (a + b).getValue(); // valid
}

私有CRTP基类

有时候，你会发现策略需要访问派生类:

// possible policy used for flexible-class.
template<typename Derived>
struct Policy {
    void doSomething() {
        // casting this to Derived* requires us to see that we are a 
        // base-class of Derived.
        some_type const& t = static_cast<Derived*>(this)->getSomething();
    }
};

// note, derived privately
template<template<typename> class SomePolicy>
struct FlexibleClass : private SomePolicy<FlexibleClass> {
    // we derive privately, so the base-class wouldn't notice that, 
    // (even though it's the base itself!), so we need a friend declaration
    // to make the base a friend of us.
    friend class SomePolicy<FlexibleClass>;

    void doStuff() {
         // calls doSomething of the policy
         this->doSomething();
    }

    // will return useful information
    some_type getSomething();
};

在这个回答中，你会发现一个不做作的例子。在这个答案中使用了另一个代码。CRTP基类强制转换其this指针，以便能够使用数据成员指针访问派生类的数据字段。