我一直在阅读c++常见问题，对朋友声明很好奇。我个人从未使用过它，但我对探索这门语言很感兴趣。
使用friend的一个好例子是什么?
读了一些常见问题，我喜欢<< >>操作符重载和添加作为这些类的朋友的想法。然而，我不确定这如何不会破坏封装。什么时候这些异常可以保持在OOP的严格范围内?
当前回答
树的例子是一个很好的例子: 在一些不同的类中实现一个对象 具有继承关系。
也许您还需要它具有一个构造函数protected和force 人们用你的“朋友”工厂。
．.． 好吧，坦白地说，没有它你也能生活。
其他回答
典型的例子是重载操作符<<。另一个常见的用法是允许助手或管理类访问您的内部。
下面是我从c++朋友那里听到的一些指导原则。最后一个尤其令人难忘。
你的朋友不是你孩子的朋友。 你孩子的朋友并不是你的朋友。 只有朋友才能碰你的隐私部位。
在做TDD的时候，我经常使用c++中的'friend'关键字。
朋友能知道我的一切吗?
更新:我从Bjarne Stroustrup网站上找到了这个关于“朋友”关键字的有价值的答案。
“好友”是一种授予访问权限的显式机制，就像会员资格一样。
In C++ "friend" keyword is useful in Operator overloading and Making Bridge. 1.) Friend keyword in operator overloading :Example for operator overloading is: Let say we have a class "Point" that has two float variable"x"(for x-coordinate) and "y"(for y-coordinate). Now we have to overload "<<"(extraction operator) such that if we call "cout << pointobj" then it will print x and y coordinate (where pointobj is an object of class Point). To do this we have two option: 1.Overload "operator <<()" function in "ostream" class. 2.Overload "operator<<()" function in "Point" class. Now First option is not good because if we need to overload again this operator for some different class then we have to again make change in "ostream" class. That's why second is best option. Now compiler can call "operator <<()" function:
1.Using ostream object cout.As: cout.operator<<(Pointobj) (form ostream class).
2.Call without an object.As: operator<<(cout, Pointobj) (from Point class).
Beacause we have implemented overloading in Point class. So to call this function without an object we have to add"friend" keyword because we can call a friend function without an object. Now function declaration will be As: "friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout, Point &pointobj);" 2.) Friend keyword in making bridge : Suppose we have to make a function in which we have to access private member of two or more classes ( generally termed as "bridge" ) . How to do this: To access private member of a class it should be member of that class. Now to access private member of other class every class should declare that function as a friend function. For example : Suppose there are two class A and B. A function "funcBridge()" want to access private member of both classes. Then both class should declare "funcBridge()" as: friend return_type funcBridge(A &a_obj, B & b_obj);I think this would help to understand friend keyword.
正如朋友声明的参考资料所说:
友元声明出现在类主体中，并授予函数或另一个类对出现友元声明的类的私有和受保护成员的访问权。
所以提醒一下，有些回答中有技术错误，说朋友只能访问受保护的成员。
可能我从上面的答案中漏掉了一些东西，但是封装中另一个重要的概念是隐藏实现。减少对私有数据成员(类的实现细节)的访问，可以更容易地修改代码。如果朋友直接访问私有数据，对实现数据字段(私有数据)的任何更改都会破坏访问该数据的代码。使用访问方法可以很大程度上消除这种情况。我认为相当重要。
