可能我从上面的答案中漏掉了一些东西，但是封装中另一个重要的概念是隐藏实现。减少对私有数据成员(类的实现细节)的访问，可以更容易地修改代码。如果朋友直接访问私有数据，对实现数据字段(私有数据)的任何更改都会破坏访问该数据的代码。使用访问方法可以很大程度上消除这种情况。我认为相当重要。

安德鲁例子的另一个常见版本，可怕的密码对联

parent.addChild(child);
child.setParent(parent);

与其担心这两行是否总是一起执行，并且顺序一致，你可以将方法设为私有，并有一个friend函数来强制一致性:

class Parent;

class Object {
private:
    void setParent(Parent&);

    friend void addChild(Parent& parent, Object& child);
};

class Parent : public Object {
private:
     void addChild(Object& child);

     friend void addChild(Parent& parent, Object& child);
};

void addChild(Parent& parent, Object& child) {
    if( &parent == &child ){ 
        wetPants(); 
    }
    parent.addChild(child);
    child.setParent(parent);
}

换句话说，您可以保持公共接口更小，并强制在友元函数中跨越类和对象的不变量。

你必须非常小心何时何地使用friend关键字，和你一样，我很少使用它。下面是一些关于使用friend和替代用法的注意事项。

假设你想比较两个对象，看它们是否相等。你可以:

使用访问器方法进行比较(检查每个ivar并确定是否相等)。 或者，您可以通过将所有成员设为public直接访问它们。

第一个选项的问题是，这可能会有很多访问器，这比直接变量访问(稍微)慢，更难读取，而且很麻烦。第二种方法的问题是完全破坏了封装。

如果我们可以定义一个外部函数，它仍然可以访问类的私有成员，那就更好了。我们可以用friend关键字做到这一点:

class Beer {
public:
    friend bool equal(Beer a, Beer b);
private:
    // ...
};

equal(Beer, Beer)方法现在可以直接访问a和b的私有成员(可能是char *brand, float percentAlcohol等)。这是一个相当做作的例子，您可能会更早地将friend应用于重载的==操作符，但我们会讲到这一点。

有几件事需要注意:

A friend is NOT a member function of the class It is an ordinary function with special access to the private members of the class Don't replace all accessors and mutators with friends (you may as well make everything public!) Friendship isn't reciprocal Friendship isn't transitive Friendship isn't inherited Or, as the C++ FAQ explains: "Just because I grant you friendship access to me doesn't automatically grant your kids access to me, doesn't automatically grant your friends access to me, and doesn't automatically grant me access to you."

我只有在用另一种方法更难的时候才会用朋友。另一个例子是，由于Mat2x2, Mat3x3, Mat4x4, Vec2, Vec3, Vec4等的互操作性，许多向量数学函数经常被创建为朋友。而且做朋友比到处使用访问器要容易得多。正如所指出的，friend在应用于<<(非常方便调试)、>>和==运算符时通常很有用，但也可以用于这样的事情:

class Birds {
public:
    friend Birds operator +(Birds, Birds);
private:
    int numberInFlock;
};


Birds operator +(Birds b1, Birds b2) {
    Birds temp;
    temp.numberInFlock = b1.numberInFlock + b2.numberInFlock;
    return temp;
}

就像我说的，我不经常使用friend这个词，但偶尔它正是你所需要的。希望这能有所帮助!

在做TDD的时候，我经常使用c++中的'friend'关键字。朋友能知道我的一切吗?

不，这只是一种单向的友谊。

In C++ "friend" keyword is useful in Operator overloading and Making Bridge. 1.) Friend keyword in operator overloading :Example for operator overloading is: Let say we have a class "Point" that has two float variable"x"(for x-coordinate) and "y"(for y-coordinate). Now we have to overload "<<"(extraction operator) such that if we call "cout << pointobj" then it will print x and y coordinate (where pointobj is an object of class Point). To do this we have two option: 1.Overload "operator <<()" function in "ostream" class. 2.Overload "operator<<()" function in "Point" class. Now First option is not good because if we need to overload again this operator for some different class then we have to again make change in "ostream" class. That's why second is best option. Now compiler can call "operator <<()" function:

   1.Using ostream object cout.As: cout.operator<<(Pointobj) (form ostream class).
   2.Call without an object.As: operator<<(cout, Pointobj) (from Point class).

Beacause we have implemented overloading in Point class. So to call this function without an object we have to add"friend" keyword because we can call a friend function without an object. Now function declaration will be As: "friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout, Point &pointobj);" 2.) Friend keyword in making bridge : Suppose we have to make a function in which we have to access private member of two or more classes ( generally termed as "bridge" ) . How to do this: To access private member of a class it should be member of that class. Now to access private member of other class every class should declare that function as a friend function. For example : Suppose there are two class A and B. A function "funcBridge()" want to access private member of both classes. Then both class should declare "funcBridge()" as: friend return_type funcBridge(A &a_obj, B & b_obj);I think this would help to understand friend keyword.

另一种用法:friend(+虚拟继承)可以用来避免从一个类派生(又名:“make a class underivable”)=> 1,2

从2:

 class Fred;

 class FredBase {
 private:
   friend class Fred;
   FredBase() { }
 };

 class Fred : private virtual FredBase {
 public:
   ...
 };