你必须非常小心何时何地使用friend关键字，和你一样，我很少使用它。下面是一些关于使用friend和替代用法的注意事项。

假设你想比较两个对象，看它们是否相等。你可以:

使用访问器方法进行比较(检查每个ivar并确定是否相等)。 或者，您可以通过将所有成员设为public直接访问它们。

第一个选项的问题是，这可能会有很多访问器，这比直接变量访问(稍微)慢，更难读取，而且很麻烦。第二种方法的问题是完全破坏了封装。

如果我们可以定义一个外部函数，它仍然可以访问类的私有成员，那就更好了。我们可以用friend关键字做到这一点:

class Beer {
public:
    friend bool equal(Beer a, Beer b);
private:
    // ...
};

equal(Beer, Beer)方法现在可以直接访问a和b的私有成员(可能是char *brand, float percentAlcohol等)。这是一个相当做作的例子，您可能会更早地将friend应用于重载的==操作符，但我们会讲到这一点。

有几件事需要注意:

A friend is NOT a member function of the class It is an ordinary function with special access to the private members of the class Don't replace all accessors and mutators with friends (you may as well make everything public!) Friendship isn't reciprocal Friendship isn't transitive Friendship isn't inherited Or, as the C++ FAQ explains: "Just because I grant you friendship access to me doesn't automatically grant your kids access to me, doesn't automatically grant your friends access to me, and doesn't automatically grant me access to you."

我只有在用另一种方法更难的时候才会用朋友。另一个例子是，由于Mat2x2, Mat3x3, Mat4x4, Vec2, Vec3, Vec4等的互操作性，许多向量数学函数经常被创建为朋友。而且做朋友比到处使用访问器要容易得多。正如所指出的，friend在应用于<<(非常方便调试)、>>和==运算符时通常很有用，但也可以用于这样的事情:

class Birds {
public:
    friend Birds operator +(Birds, Birds);
private:
    int numberInFlock;
};


Birds operator +(Birds b1, Birds b2) {
    Birds temp;
    temp.numberInFlock = b1.numberInFlock + b2.numberInFlock;
    return temp;
}

就像我说的，我不经常使用friend这个词，但偶尔它正是你所需要的。希望这能有所帮助!

您使用私有/受保护/公共权限控制成员和函数的访问权限? 所以假设这3个层面中的每一个都很清楚，那么很明显我们遗漏了一些东西……

例如，将成员/函数声明为protected是非常通用的。你的意思是，这个功能对每个人来说都是遥不可及的(当然，继承的孩子除外)。但是异常呢?每个安全系统都让你有某种类型的“白名单”，对吗?

所以，“朋友”让你拥有坚如磐石的对象隔离的灵活性，但也允许为你认为合理的事情创造一个“漏洞”。

我想人们之所以说不需要它，是因为总有一种设计可以不需要它。我认为这类似于讨论全局变量:你永远不应该使用它们，总有办法不用它们……但在现实中，你会看到在某些情况下，这是(几乎)最优雅的方式……我认为朋友之间也是如此。

它实际上没有任何好处，除了让你在不使用设置函数的情况下访问成员变量

但这并不是正确的看法。 其理念是控制WHO可以访问什么，是否有设置功能与此关系不大。

我发现了一个使用好友访问的方便地方:私有函数的Unittest。

@roo:这里没有破坏封装，因为类本身规定了谁可以访问它的私有成员。只有当这可能是由类外部引起时，封装才会被破坏，例如，如果你的操作符<<声明“我是类foo的朋友”。

朋友代替了公开的用法，而不是私人的用法!

实际上，c++ FAQ已经回答了这个问题。

In C++ "friend" keyword is useful in Operator overloading and Making Bridge. 1.) Friend keyword in operator overloading :Example for operator overloading is: Let say we have a class "Point" that has two float variable"x"(for x-coordinate) and "y"(for y-coordinate). Now we have to overload "<<"(extraction operator) such that if we call "cout << pointobj" then it will print x and y coordinate (where pointobj is an object of class Point). To do this we have two option: 1.Overload "operator <<()" function in "ostream" class. 2.Overload "operator<<()" function in "Point" class. Now First option is not good because if we need to overload again this operator for some different class then we have to again make change in "ostream" class. That's why second is best option. Now compiler can call "operator <<()" function:

   1.Using ostream object cout.As: cout.operator<<(Pointobj) (form ostream class).
   2.Call without an object.As: operator<<(cout, Pointobj) (from Point class).

Beacause we have implemented overloading in Point class. So to call this function without an object we have to add"friend" keyword because we can call a friend function without an object. Now function declaration will be As: "friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout, Point &pointobj);" 2.) Friend keyword in making bridge : Suppose we have to make a function in which we have to access private member of two or more classes ( generally termed as "bridge" ) . How to do this: To access private member of a class it should be member of that class. Now to access private member of other class every class should declare that function as a friend function. For example : Suppose there are two class A and B. A function "funcBridge()" want to access private member of both classes. Then both class should declare "funcBridge()" as: friend return_type funcBridge(A &a_obj, B & b_obj);I think this would help to understand friend keyword.

这可能不是一个实际的用例情况，但可能有助于说明类间朋友关系的使用。

会所

class ClubHouse {
public:
    friend class VIPMember; // VIP Members Have Full Access To Class
private:
    unsigned nonMembers_;
    unsigned paidMembers_;
    unsigned vipMembers;

    std::vector<Member> members_;
public:
    ClubHouse() : nonMembers_(0), paidMembers_(0), vipMembers(0) {}

    addMember( const Member& member ) { // ...code }   
    void updateMembership( unsigned memberID, Member::MembershipType type ) { // ...code }
    Amenity getAmenity( unsigned memberID ) { // ...code }

protected:
    void joinVIPEvent( unsigned memberID ) { // ...code }

}; // ClubHouse

会员班的

class Member {
public:
    enum MemberShipType {
        NON_MEMBER_PAID_EVENT,   // Single Event Paid (At Door)
        PAID_MEMBERSHIP,         // Monthly - Yearly Subscription
        VIP_MEMBERSHIP,          // Highest Possible Membership
    }; // MemberShipType

protected:
    MemberShipType type_;
    unsigned id_;
    Amenity amenity_;
public:
    Member( unsigned id, MemberShipType type ) : id_(id), type_(type) {}
    virtual ~Member(){}
    unsigned getId() const { return id_; }
    MemberShipType getType() const { return type_; }
    virtual void getAmenityFromClubHouse() = 0       
};

class NonMember : public Member {
public:
   explicit NonMember( unsigned id ) : Member( id, MemberShipType::NON_MEMBER_PAID_EVENT ) {}   

   void getAmenityFromClubHouse() override {
       Amenity = ClubHouse::getAmenity( this->id_ );
    }
};

class PaidMember : public Member {
public:
    explicit PaidMember( unsigned id ) : Member( id, MemberShipType::PAID_MEMBERSHIP ) {}

    void getAmenityFromClubHouse() override {
       Amenity = ClubHouse::getAmenity( this->id_ );
    }
};

class VIPMember : public Member {
public:
    friend class ClubHouse;
public:
    explicit VIPMember( unsigned id ) : Member( id, MemberShipType::VIP_MEMBERSHIP ) {}

    void getAmenityFromClubHouse() override {
       Amenity = ClubHouse::getAmenity( this->id_ );
    }

    void attendVIPEvent() {
        ClubHouse::joinVIPEvent( this->id );
    }
};

设施

class Amenity{};

如果你看看这些类之间的关系;会所拥有各种不同类型的会员资格和会员资格。成员都派生自超类或基类，因为它们都共享公共的ID和枚举类型，外部类可以通过基类中的访问函数访问它们的ID和类型。

然而，通过这种成员及其派生类的层次结构以及它们与ClubHouse类的关系，派生类中唯一具有“特殊特权”的是VIPMember类。基类和其他2个派生类不能访问ClubHouse的joinVIPEvent()方法，但VIP Member类拥有该特权，就好像它拥有对该事件的完全访问一样。

所以对于vip会员和ClubHouse，这是一个双向通道，而其他会员职业是有限的。