The inverse-gamma formula by Jive Dadson needs to have the half-adjust removed when implemented in Javascript, i.e. the return from function gam_sRGB needs to be return int(v*255); not return int(v*255+.5); Half-adjust rounds up, and this can cause a value one too high on a R=G=B i.e. grey colour triad. Greyscale conversion on a R=G=B triad should produce a value equal to R; it's one proof that the formula is valid. See Nine Shades of Greyscale for the formula in action (without the half-adjust).

为了用R确定颜色的亮度，我将RGB系统颜色转换为HSV系统颜色。

在我的脚本中，我之前因为其他原因使用了HEX系统代码，但你也可以从rgb2hsv {grDevices}的RGB系统代码开始。文档在这里。

这是我的代码的这一部分:

 sample <- c("#010101", "#303030", "#A6A4A4", "#020202", "#010100")
 hsvc <-rgb2hsv(col2rgb(sample)) # convert HEX to HSV
 value <- as.data.frame(hsvc) # create data.frame
 value <- value[3,] # extract the information of brightness
 order(value) # ordrer the color by brightness

下面是将sRGB图像转换为灰度的唯一正确算法，如在浏览器等中使用。

在计算内积之前，有必要对颜色空间应用伽玛函数的逆。然后你把函数应用到减少的值上。未能合并gamma函数可能导致高达20%的误差。

对于典型的计算机，颜色空间是sRGB。sRGB的正确数字约为。0.21 0.72 0.07。sRGB的Gamma是一个复合函数，近似取幂1/(2.2)。这是c++的全部内容。

// sRGB luminance(Y) values
const double rY = 0.212655;
const double gY = 0.715158;
const double bY = 0.072187;

// Inverse of sRGB "gamma" function. (approx 2.2)
double inv_gam_sRGB(int ic) {
    double c = ic/255.0;
    if ( c <= 0.04045 )
        return c/12.92;
    else 
        return pow(((c+0.055)/(1.055)),2.4);
}

// sRGB "gamma" function (approx 2.2)
int gam_sRGB(double v) {
    if(v<=0.0031308)
      v *= 12.92;
    else 
      v = 1.055*pow(v,1.0/2.4)-0.055;
    return int(v*255+0.5); // This is correct in C++. Other languages may not
                           // require +0.5
}

// GRAY VALUE ("brightness")
int gray(int r, int g, int b) {
    return gam_sRGB(
            rY*inv_gam_sRGB(r) +
            gY*inv_gam_sRGB(g) +
            bY*inv_gam_sRGB(b)
    );
}

The inverse-gamma formula by Jive Dadson needs to have the half-adjust removed when implemented in Javascript, i.e. the return from function gam_sRGB needs to be return int(v*255); not return int(v*255+.5); Half-adjust rounds up, and this can cause a value one too high on a R=G=B i.e. grey colour triad. Greyscale conversion on a R=G=B triad should produce a value equal to R; it's one proof that the formula is valid. See Nine Shades of Greyscale for the formula in action (without the half-adjust).

今天我用javascript解决了一个类似的任务。 我已经确定了这个getPerceivedLightness(rgb)函数的HEX rgb颜色。 利用Fairchild和Perrotta公式对Helmholtz-Kohlrausch效应进行了亮度校正。

/**
 * Converts RGB color to CIE 1931 XYZ color space.
 * https://www.image-engineering.de/library/technotes/958-how-to-convert-between-srgb-and-ciexyz
 * @param  {string} hex
 * @return {number[]}
 */
export function rgbToXyz(hex) {
    const [r, g, b] = hexToRgb(hex).map(_ => _ / 255).map(sRGBtoLinearRGB)
    const X =  0.4124 * r + 0.3576 * g + 0.1805 * b
    const Y =  0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * b
    const Z =  0.0193 * r + 0.1192 * g + 0.9505 * b
    // For some reason, X, Y and Z are multiplied by 100.
    return [X, Y, Z].map(_ => _ * 100)
}

/**
 * Undoes gamma-correction from an RGB-encoded color.
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGB#Specification_of_the_transformation
 * https://stackoverflow.com/questions/596216/formula-to-determine-brightness-of-rgb-color
 * @param  {number}
 * @return {number}
 */
function sRGBtoLinearRGB(color) {
    // Send this function a decimal sRGB gamma encoded color value
    // between 0.0 and 1.0, and it returns a linearized value.
    if (color <= 0.04045) {
        return color / 12.92
    } else {
        return Math.pow((color + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4)
    }
}

/**
 * Converts hex color to RGB.
 * https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5623838/rgb-to-hex-and-hex-to-rgb
 * @param  {string} hex
 * @return {number[]} [rgb]
 */
function hexToRgb(hex) {
    const match = /^#?([a-f\d]{2})([a-f\d]{2})([a-f\d]{2})$/i.exec(hex)
    if (match) {
        match.shift()
        return match.map(_ => parseInt(_, 16))
    }
}

/**
 * Converts CIE 1931 XYZ colors to CIE L*a*b*.
 * The conversion formula comes from <http://www.easyrgb.com/en/math.php>.
 * https://github.com/cangoektas/xyz-to-lab/blob/master/src/index.js
 * @param   {number[]} color The CIE 1931 XYZ color to convert which refers to
 *                           the D65/2° standard illuminant.
 * @returns {number[]}       The color in the CIE L*a*b* color space.
 */
// X, Y, Z of a "D65" light source.
// "D65" is a standard 6500K Daylight light source.
// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminant_D65
const D65 = [95.047, 100, 108.883]
export function xyzToLab([x, y, z]) {
  [x, y, z] = [x, y, z].map((v, i) => {
    v = v / D65[i]
    return v > 0.008856 ? Math.pow(v, 1 / 3) : v * 7.787 + 16 / 116
  })
  const l = 116 * y - 16
  const a = 500 * (x - y)
  const b = 200 * (y - z)
  return [l, a, b]
}

/**
 * Converts Lab color space to Luminance-Chroma-Hue color space.
 * http://www.brucelindbloom.com/index.html?Eqn_Lab_to_LCH.html
 * @param  {number[]}
 * @return {number[]}
 */
export function labToLch([l, a, b]) {
    const c = Math.sqrt(a * a + b * b)
    const h = abToHue(a, b)
    return [l, c, h]
}

/**
 * Converts a and b of Lab color space to Hue of LCH color space.
 * https://stackoverflow.com/questions/53733379/conversion-of-cielab-to-cielchab-not-yielding-correct-result
 * @param  {number} a
 * @param  {number} b
 * @return {number}
 */
function abToHue(a, b) {
    if (a >= 0 && b === 0) {
        return 0
    }
    if (a < 0 && b === 0) {
        return 180
    }
    if (a === 0 && b > 0) {
        return 90
    }
    if (a === 0 && b < 0) {
        return 270
    }
    let xBias
    if (a > 0 && b > 0) {
        xBias = 0
    } else if (a < 0) {
        xBias = 180
    } else if (a > 0 && b < 0) {
        xBias = 360
    }
    return radiansToDegrees(Math.atan(b / a)) + xBias
}

function radiansToDegrees(radians) {
    return radians * (180 / Math.PI)
}

function degreesToRadians(degrees) {
    return degrees * Math.PI / 180
}

/**
 * Saturated colors appear brighter to human eye.
 * That's called Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect.
 * Fairchild and Pirrotta came up with a formula to
 * calculate a correction for that effect.
 * "Color Quality of Semiconductor and Conventional Light Sources":
 * https://books.google.ru/books?id=ptDJDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=fairchild+pirrotta+correction&source=bl&ots=7gXR2MGJs7&sig=ACfU3U3uIHo0ZUdZB_Cz9F9NldKzBix0oQ&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi47LGivOvmAhUHEpoKHU_ICkIQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=fairchild%20pirrotta%20correction&f=false
 * @return {number}
 */
function getLightnessUsingFairchildPirrottaCorrection([l, c, h]) {
    const l_ = 2.5 - 0.025 * l
    const g = 0.116 * Math.abs(Math.sin(degreesToRadians((h - 90) / 2))) + 0.085
    return l + l_ * g * c
}

export function getPerceivedLightness(hex) {
    return getLightnessUsingFairchildPirrottaCorrection(labToLch(xyzToLab(rgbToXyz(hex))))
}

“接受”的答案是不正确和不完整的

唯一准确的答案是@ ji- dadson和@EddingtonsMonkey的答案，并支持@ niles -pipenbrinck。其他答案(包括已接受的答案)链接到或引用了错误的、不相关的、过时的或坏的来源。

简要:

sRGB必须在应用系数之前线性化。 亮度(L或Y)与光一样是线性的。 感知亮度(L*)与人类感知一样是非线性的。 HSV和HSL在感知方面甚至远不准确。 sRGB的IEC标准指定阈值为0.04045，而不是0.03928(这是来自过时的早期草案)。 为了有用(即相对于感知)，欧几里得距离需要一个感知一致的笛卡尔向量空间，如CIELAB。sRGB不是其中之一。

---

以下是正确而完整的回答:

由于这条线索在搜索引擎中出现频率很高，我添加了这个答案来澄清关于这个主题的各种误解。

亮度是光的线性测量，对正常视力进行光谱加权，但对亮度的非线性感知不进行调整。它可以是相对度量，如CIEXYZ中的Y，或L, cd/m2的绝对度量(不要与L*混淆)。

一些视觉模型如CIELAB使用感知明度，这里L* (Lstar)为感知明度值，且为非线性，以近似人类视觉非线性响应曲线。(也就是说，对知觉是线性的，但因此对光是非线性的)。

亮度是一种感知属性，它不具有“物理”度量。然而，一些颜色外观模型确实有一个值，通常用“Q”表示感知亮度，这与感知亮度不同。

Luma (Y´')是一种伽玛编码的加权信号，用于某些视频编码(Y´I´Q´)。不要与线性亮度混淆。

Gamma或传递曲线(TRC)是一种通常与感知曲线相似的曲线，通常用于存储或广播图像数据，以减少感知噪声和/或提高数据利用率(以及相关原因)。

为了确定感知亮度，首先将gamma编码的R´G´B´图像值转换为线性亮度(L或Y)，然后转换为非线性感知亮度(L*)

---

寻找亮度:

.．.因为很明显它在某个地方丢失了……

第一步:

将所有sRGB 8位整数值转换为十进制0.0-1.0

  vR = sR / 255;
  vG = sG / 255;
  vB = sB / 255;

第二步:

将gamma编码的RGB转换为线性值。例如，sRGB(计算机标准)要求功率曲线约为V^2.2，尽管“准确的”变换是:

其中V´为sRGB的伽玛编码R、G或B通道。 伪代码:

function sRGBtoLin(colorChannel) {
        // Send this function a decimal sRGB gamma encoded color value
        // between 0.0 and 1.0, and it returns a linearized value.

    if ( colorChannel <= 0.04045 ) {
            return colorChannel / 12.92;
        } else {
            return pow((( colorChannel + 0.055)/1.055),2.4);
        }
    }

第三步:

要找到亮度(Y)，应用sRGB的标准系数:

使用上述函数的伪代码:

Y = (0.2126 * sRGBtoLin(vR) + 0.7152 * sRGBtoLin(vG) + 0.0722 * sRGBtoLin(vB))

---

找到可感知的轻盈:

步骤四:

从上面取亮度Y，变换为L*

伪代码:

function YtoLstar(Y) {
        // Send this function a luminance value between 0.0 and 1.0,
        // and it returns L* which is "perceptual lightness"

    if ( Y <= (216/24389)) {       // The CIE standard states 0.008856 but 216/24389 is the intent for 0.008856451679036
            return Y * (24389/27);  // The CIE standard states 903.3, but 24389/27 is the intent, making 903.296296296296296
        } else {
            return pow(Y,(1/3)) * 116 - 16;
        }
    }

L*是一个从0(黑色)到100(白色)的值，其中50是感知的“中间灰色”。L* = 50相当于Y = 18.4，换句话说，一张18%的灰卡，代表一张照片曝光的中间(安塞尔·亚当斯V区)。

引用:

IEC 61966-2-1:1999标准 维基百科sRGB 维基百科CIELAB 维基百科CIEXYZ Charles Poynton的Gamma常见问题解答