我读了一篇博客文章，帮助我理解。

What is stack unwinding? In any language that supports recursive functions (ie. pretty much everything except Fortran 77 and Brainf*ck) the language runtime keeps a stack of what functions are currently executing. Stack unwinding is a way of inspecting, and possibly modifying, that stack. Why would you want to do that? The answer may seem obvious, but there are several related, yet subtly different, situations where unwinding is useful or necessary: As a runtime control-flow mechanism (C++ exceptions, C longjmp(), etc). In a debugger, to show the user the stack. In a profiler, to take a sample of the stack. From the program itself (like from a crash handler to show the stack). These have subtly different requirements. Some of these are performance-critical, some are not. Some require the ability to reconstruct registers from outer frame, some do not. But we'll get into all that in a second.

你可以在这里找到完整的帖子。

c++运行时销毁在throw和catch之间创建的所有自动变量。在下面这个简单的例子中，f1()抛出和main()捕获，在B和A类型的对象之间按此顺序在堆栈上创建。当f1()抛出时，将调用B和A的析构函数。

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class A
{
    public:
       ~A() { cout << "A's dtor" << endl; }
};

class B
{
    public:
       ~B() { cout << "B's dtor" << endl; }
};

void f1()
{
    B b;
    throw (100);
}

void f()
{
    A a;
    f1();
}

int main()
{
    try
    {
        f();
    }
    catch (int num)
    {
        cout << "Caught exception: " << num << endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

这个程序的输出将是

B's dtor
A's dtor

这是因为f1()抛出时程序的调用堆栈看起来像

f1()
f()
main()

因此，当f1()被弹出时，自动变量b被销毁，然后当f()被弹出时，自动变量a被销毁。

希望对大家有所帮助，编码愉快!

我不知道你是否读过这篇文章，但维基百科关于调用堆栈的文章有一个很好的解释。

解除:

Returning from the called function will pop the top frame off of the stack, perhaps leaving a return value. The more general act of popping one or more frames off the stack to resume execution elsewhere in the program is called stack unwinding and must be performed when non-local control structures are used, such as those used for exception handling. In this case, the stack frame of a function contains one or more entries specifying exception handlers. When an exception is thrown, the stack is unwound until a handler is found that is prepared to handle (catch) the type of the thrown exception. Some languages have other control structures that require general unwinding. Pascal allows a global goto statement to transfer control out of a nested function and into a previously invoked outer function. This operation requires the stack to be unwound, removing as many stack frames as necessary to restore the proper context to transfer control to the target statement within the enclosing outer function. Similarly, C has the setjmp and longjmp functions that act as non-local gotos. Common Lisp allows control of what happens when the stack is unwound by using the unwind-protect special operator. When applying a continuation, the stack is (logically) unwound and then rewound with the stack of the continuation. This is not the only way to implement continuations; for example, using multiple, explicit stacks, application of a continuation can simply activate its stack and wind a value to be passed. The Scheme programming language allows arbitrary thunks to be executed in specified points on "unwinding" or "rewinding" of the control stack when a continuation is invoked.

检查[编辑]

堆栈展开主要是c++的概念，处理当堆栈分配的对象的作用域退出时(正常退出或通过异常退出)如何销毁。

假设你有这样一段代码:

void hw() {
    string hello("Hello, ");
    string world("world!\n");
    cout << hello << world;
} // at this point, "world" is destroyed, followed by "hello"

每个人都谈论过c++中的异常处理。但是，我认为堆栈展开还有另一个内涵，它与调试有关。调试器必须在应该转到当前帧之前的帧时进行堆栈展开。然而，这是一种虚拟unwind，因为当它回到当前帧时需要倒带。例如gdb中的up/down/bt命令。

堆栈展开通常与异常处理有关。这里有一个例子:

void func( int x )
{
    char* pleak = new char[1024]; // might be lost => memory leak
    std::string s( "hello world" ); // will be properly destructed

    if ( x ) throw std::runtime_error( "boom" );

    delete [] pleak; // will only get here if x == 0. if x!=0, throw exception
}

int main()
{
    try
    {
        func( 10 );
    }
    catch ( const std::exception& e )
    {
        return 1;
    }

    return 0;
}

在这里，如果抛出异常，分配给pleak的内存将丢失，而分配给s的内存将在任何情况下通过std::string析构函数正确释放。当退出作用域时，在堆栈上分配的对象将被“解开”(这里的作用域是函数func的作用域)。这是通过编译器插入对自动(堆栈)变量析构函数的调用来完成的。

现在，这是一个非常强大的概念，导致称为RAII的技术，即资源获取即初始化，它帮助我们在c++中管理内存、数据库连接、打开的文件描述符等资源。

现在这允许我们提供异常安全保证。