我喜欢@Rule的答案。但是，如果出于某种原因您不想使用规则。还有第三种选择。

@Test (expected = RuntimeException.class)
public void myTestMethod()
{
   try
   {
      //Run exception throwing operation here
   }
   catch(RuntimeException re)
   {
      String message = "Employee ID is null";
      assertEquals(message, re.getMessage());
      throw re;
    }
    fail("Employee Id Null exception did not throw!");
  }

我从来不喜欢用Junit断言异常的方式。如果我在注释中使用“预期”，从我的观点来看，我们似乎违反了“给定，当，然后”模式，因为“然后”被放置在测试定义的顶部。

同样，如果我们使用“@Rule”，我们必须处理大量的样板代码。所以，如果你可以为你的测试安装新的库，我建议你看看AssertJ(这个库现在随SpringBoot一起来了)

然后是一个不违反“给定/当/然后”原则的测试，并使用AssertJ来验证:

1 -例外是我们所期待的。 2 -它也有一个预期的信息

会是这样的:

 @Test
void should_throwIllegalUse_when_idNotGiven() {

    //when
    final Throwable raisedException = catchThrowable(() -> getUserDAO.byId(null));

    //then
    assertThat(raisedException).isInstanceOf(IllegalArgumentException.class)
            .hasMessageContaining("Id to fetch is mandatory");
}

导入catch-exception库，并使用它。它比ExpectedException规则或try-catch规则干净得多。

他们文档中的例子:

import static com.googlecode.catchexception.CatchException.*;
import static com.googlecode.catchexception.apis.CatchExceptionHamcrestMatchers.*;

// given: an empty list
List myList = new ArrayList();

// when: we try to get the first element of the list
catchException(myList).get(1);

// then: we expect an IndexOutOfBoundsException with message "Index: 1, Size: 0"
assertThat(caughtException(),
  allOf(
    instanceOf(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class),
    hasMessage("Index: 1, Size: 0"),
    hasNoCause()
  )
);

雷斯托姆给出了一个很好的答案。我也不太喜欢《规则》。我做了类似的事情，除了创建下面的实用工具类来提高可读性和可用性，这首先是注释的一大优点。

添加这个实用程序类:

import org.junit.Assert;

public abstract class ExpectedRuntimeExceptionAsserter {

    private String expectedExceptionMessage;

    public ExpectedRuntimeExceptionAsserter(String expectedExceptionMessage) {
        this.expectedExceptionMessage = expectedExceptionMessage;
    }

    public final void run(){
        try{
            expectException();
            Assert.fail(String.format("Expected a RuntimeException '%s'", expectedExceptionMessage));
        } catch (RuntimeException e){
            Assert.assertEquals("RuntimeException caught, but unexpected message", expectedExceptionMessage, e.getMessage());
        }
    }

    protected abstract void expectException();

}

然后，对于我的单元测试，我所需要的是这段代码:

@Test
public void verifyAnonymousUserCantAccessPrivilegedResourceTest(){
    new ExpectedRuntimeExceptionAsserter("anonymous user can't access privileged resource"){
        @Override
        protected void expectException() {
            throw new RuntimeException("anonymous user can't access privileged resource");
        }
    }.run(); //passes test; expected exception is caught, and this @Test returns normally as "Passed"
}

你必须使用@Test(expected=SomeException.class)吗?当我们必须断言异常的实际消息时，这就是我们所做的。

@Test
public void myTestMethod()
{
  try
  {
    final Integer employeeId = null;
    new Employee(employeeId);
    fail("Should have thrown SomeException but did not!");
  }
  catch( final SomeException e )
  {
    final String msg = "Employee ID is null";
    assertEquals(msg, e.getMessage());
  }
}

在JUnit 4.13你可以做:

import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;

...

@Test
void exceptionTesting() {
  IllegalArgumentException exception = assertThrows(
    IllegalArgumentException.class, 
    () -> { throw new IllegalArgumentException("a message"); }
  );

  assertEquals("a message", exception.getMessage());
}

这也适用于JUnit 5，但有不同的导入:

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;

...