Here's one example, given to me by @jleahy: Suppose you have a collection of tasks, executed asynchronously, and managed by an std::shared_ptr<Task>. You may want to do something with those tasks periodically, so a timer event may traverse a std::vector<std::weak_ptr<Task>> and give the tasks something to do. However, simultaneously a task may have concurrently decided that it is no longer needed and die. The timer can thus check whether the task is still alive by making a shared pointer from the weak pointer and using that shared pointer, provided it isn't null.

受到@offirmo回复的启发，我写了这段代码，然后运行visual studio诊断工具:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <memory>

using namespace std;

struct Member;
struct Team;

struct Member {
    int x = 0;

    Member(int xArg) {
        x = xArg;
    }

    shared_ptr<Team> teamPointer;
};

struct Team {
    vector<shared_ptr<Member>> members;
};

void foo() {
    auto t1 = make_shared<Team>();
    for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
        t1->members.push_back(make_shared<Member>(i));
        t1->members.back()->teamPointer = t1;
    }
}

int main() {
    foo();

    while (1);

    return 0;
}

当指向团队的成员指针是shared_ptr teamPointer时，在foo()完成后内存就没有空闲了，即它停留在150mb左右。

但是如果在诊断工具中将其更改为weak_ptr teamPointer，您将看到一个峰值，然后内存使用量恢复到大约2MB。

另一个答案，希望更简单。(对谷歌员工)

假设您有Team和Member对象。

显然，这是一个关系:Team对象将拥有指向其成员的指针。成员也可能有一个指向他们的Team对象的后向指针。

然后你就有了一个依赖循环。如果您使用shared_ptr，当您放弃对对象的引用时，对象将不再被自动释放，因为它们以循环的方式相互引用。这是内存泄漏。

您可以使用weak_ptr来打破这种情况。“所有者”通常使用shared_ptr，而“所有者”使用weak_ptr来访问父节点，并在需要访问父节点时临时将其转换为shared_ptr。

存储一个弱ptr:

weak_ptr<Parent> parentWeakPtr_ = parentSharedPtr; // automatic conversion to weak from shared

然后在需要的时候使用它

shared_ptr<Parent> tempParentSharedPtr = parentWeakPtr_.lock(); // on the stack, from the weak ptr
if( !tempParentSharedPtr ) {
  // yes, it may fail if the parent was freed since we stored weak_ptr
} else {
  // do stuff
}
// tempParentSharedPtr is released when it goes out of scope

Weak_ptr也可以很好地检查对象的正确删除——特别是在单元测试中。典型的用例可能是这样的:

std::weak_ptr<X> weak_x{ shared_x };
shared_x.reset();
BOOST_CHECK(weak_x.lock());
... //do something that should remove all other copies of shared_x and hence destroy x
BOOST_CHECK(!weak_x.lock());

Here's one example, given to me by @jleahy: Suppose you have a collection of tasks, executed asynchronously, and managed by an std::shared_ptr<Task>. You may want to do something with those tasks periodically, so a timer event may traverse a std::vector<std::weak_ptr<Task>> and give the tasks something to do. However, simultaneously a task may have concurrently decided that it is no longer needed and die. The timer can thus check whether the task is still alive by making a shared pointer from the weak pointer and using that shared pointer, provided it isn't null.

缓存就是一个很好的例子。

对于最近访问的对象，您希望将它们保存在内存中，因此可以保留一个指向它们的强指针。定期扫描缓存，确定最近没有访问哪些对象。你不需要把它们保存在内存中，所以你去掉强指针。

但是，如果该对象正在使用，而其他一些代码持有指向它的强指针，该怎么办?如果缓存删除了指向该对象的唯一指针，就再也找不到它了。因此，缓存保留了一个弱指针，指向它需要找到的对象，如果它们碰巧留在内存中。

这正是弱指针所做的——它允许你在一个对象仍然在附近时定位它，但如果没有其他东西需要它，它就不会保留它。