标准的关联容器擦除习惯用法:

for (auto it = m.cbegin(); it != m.cend() /* not hoisted */; /* no increment */)
{
  if (must_delete)
  {
    m.erase(it++);    // or "it = m.erase(it)" since C++11
  }
  else
  {
    ++it;
  }
}

注意，这里我们实际上需要一个普通的for循环，因为我们正在修改容器本身。基于范围的循环应该严格保留在只关心元素的情况下。RBFL的语法甚至没有公开循环体中的容器，这一点很清楚。

编辑。在c++ 11之前，你不能擦除常量迭代器。你可能会说:

for (std::map<K,V>::iterator it = m.begin(); it != m.end(); ) { /* ... */ }

从容器中删除一个元素与元素的常量性并不矛盾。通过类比，当p是指向常量的指针时，删除p总是完全合法的。刚毅并不束缚一生;c++中的const值仍然可以停止存在。

很伤心，是吧?我通常的做法是建立一个迭代器容器，而不是在遍历过程中删除。然后遍历容器并使用map.erase()

std::map<K,V> map;
std::list< std::map<K,V>::iterator > iteratorList;

for(auto i : map ){
    if ( needs_removing(i)){
        iteratorList.push_back(i);
    }
}
for(auto i : iteratorList){
    map.erase(*i)
}

简而言之，“如何在迭代映射时从映射中删除?”

用旧地图impl:你不能 新地图impl:几乎像@KerrekSB建议的那样。但是他发布的内容有一些语法问题。

从GCC映射impl(注GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X):

#ifdef __GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__
      // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
      // DR 130. Associative erase should return an iterator.
      /**
       *  @brief Erases an element from a %map.
       *  @param  position  An iterator pointing to the element to be erased.
       *  @return An iterator pointing to the element immediately following
       *          @a position prior to the element being erased. If no such 
       *          element exists, end() is returned.
       *
       *  This function erases an element, pointed to by the given
       *  iterator, from a %map.  Note that this function only erases
       *  the element, and that if the element is itself a pointer,
       *  the pointed-to memory is not touched in any way.  Managing
       *  the pointer is the user's responsibility.
       */
      iterator
      erase(iterator __position)
      { return _M_t.erase(__position); }
#else
      /**
       *  @brief Erases an element from a %map.
       *  @param  position  An iterator pointing to the element to be erased.
       *
       *  This function erases an element, pointed to by the given
       *  iterator, from a %map.  Note that this function only erases
       *  the element, and that if the element is itself a pointer,
       *  the pointed-to memory is not touched in any way.  Managing
       *  the pointer is the user's responsibility.
       */
      void
      erase(iterator __position)
      { _M_t.erase(__position); }
#endif

新旧风格的例子:

#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>

using namespace std;
typedef map<int, int> t_myMap;
typedef vector<t_myMap::key_type>  t_myVec;

int main() {

    cout << "main() ENTRY" << endl;

    t_myMap mi;
    mi.insert(t_myMap::value_type(1,1));
    mi.insert(t_myMap::value_type(2,1));
    mi.insert(t_myMap::value_type(3,1));
    mi.insert(t_myMap::value_type(4,1));
    mi.insert(t_myMap::value_type(5,1));
    mi.insert(t_myMap::value_type(6,1));

    cout << "Init" << endl;
    for(t_myMap::const_iterator i = mi.begin(); i != mi.end(); i++)
        cout << '\t' << i->first << '-' << i->second << endl;

    t_myVec markedForDeath;

    for (t_myMap::const_iterator it = mi.begin(); it != mi.end() ; it++)
        if (it->first > 2 && it->first < 5)
            markedForDeath.push_back(it->first);

    for(size_t i = 0; i < markedForDeath.size(); i++)
        // old erase, returns void...
        mi.erase(markedForDeath[i]);

    cout << "after old style erase of 3 & 4.." << endl;
    for(t_myMap::const_iterator i = mi.begin(); i != mi.end(); i++)
        cout << '\t' << i->first << '-' << i->second << endl;

    for (auto it = mi.begin(); it != mi.end(); ) {
        if (it->first == 5)
            // new erase() that returns iter..
            it = mi.erase(it);
        else
            ++it;
    }

    cout << "after new style erase of 5" << endl;
    // new cend/cbegin and lambda..
    for_each(mi.cbegin(), mi.cend(), [](t_myMap::const_reference it){cout << '\t' << it.first << '-' << it.second << endl;});

    return 0;
}

打印:

main() ENTRY
Init
        1-1
        2-1
        3-1
        4-1
        5-1
        6-1
after old style erase of 3 & 4..
        1-1
        2-1
        5-1
        6-1
after new style erase of 5
        1-1
        2-1
        6-1

Process returned 0 (0x0)   execution time : 0.021 s
Press any key to continue.

我个人更喜欢这种模式，它更清晰更简单，但牺牲了一个额外的变量:

for (auto it = m.cbegin(), next_it = it; it != m.cend(); it = next_it)
{
  ++next_it;
  if (must_delete)
  {
    m.erase(it);
  }
}

这种方法的优点:

for循环的增量器作为增量器是有意义的; 擦除操作是简单的擦除，而不是与增量逻辑混合在一起; 在循环体的第一行之后，it和next_it的含义在整个迭代过程中保持固定，允许您轻松添加引用它们的其他语句，而不必担心它们是否会像预期的那样工作(当然，除了在删除它之后不能使用它)。

假设c++ 11，这里是一行循环体，如果这与你的编程风格一致的话:

using Map = std::map<K,V>;
Map map;

// Erase members that satisfy needs_removing(itr)
for (Map::const_iterator itr = map.cbegin() ; itr != map.cend() ; )
  itr = needs_removing(itr) ? map.erase(itr) : std::next(itr);

其他一些较小的风格变化:

在可能/方便的时候显示声明的类型(Map::const_iterator)，而不是使用auto。 对模板类型使用using，使辅助类型(Map::const_iterator)更易于阅读/维护。

c++ 20草案包含了方便函数std::erase_if。

你可以用这个函数来做一行代码。

std::map<K, V> map_obj;
//calls needs_removing for each element and erases it, if true was reuturned
std::erase_if(map_obj,needs_removing);
//if you need to pass only part of the key/value pair
std::erase_if(map_obj,[](auto& kv){return needs_removing(kv.first);});