受到@offirmo回复的启发，我写了这段代码，然后运行visual studio诊断工具:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <memory>

using namespace std;

struct Member;
struct Team;

struct Member {
    int x = 0;

    Member(int xArg) {
        x = xArg;
    }

    shared_ptr<Team> teamPointer;
};

struct Team {
    vector<shared_ptr<Member>> members;
};

void foo() {
    auto t1 = make_shared<Team>();
    for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
        t1->members.push_back(make_shared<Member>(i));
        t1->members.back()->teamPointer = t1;
    }
}

int main() {
    foo();

    while (1);

    return 0;
}

当指向团队的成员指针是shared_ptr teamPointer时，在foo()完成后内存就没有空闲了，即它停留在150mb左右。

但是如果在诊断工具中将其更改为weak_ptr teamPointer，您将看到一个峰值，然后内存使用量恢复到大约2MB。

它们在Boost中很有用。当调用异步处理程序时，不能保证目标对象仍然存在。诀窍是使用std::bind或lambda capture将weak_ptr绑定到异步处理程序对象中。

void MyClass::startTimer()
{
    std::weak_ptr<MyClass> weak = shared_from_this();
    timer_.async_wait( [weak](const boost::system::error_code& ec)
    {
        auto self = weak.lock();
        if (self)
        {
            self->handleTimeout();
        }
        else
        {
            std::cout << "Target object no longer exists!\n";
        }
    } );
}

这是在Boost中经常看到的self = shared_from_this()习惯用法的变体。Asio示例，其中挂起的异步处理程序不会延长目标对象的生命周期，但如果目标对象被删除，则仍然是安全的。

Weak_ptr也可以很好地检查对象的正确删除——特别是在单元测试中。典型的用例可能是这样的:

std::weak_ptr<X> weak_x{ shared_x };
shared_x.reset();
BOOST_CHECK(weak_x.lock());
... //do something that should remove all other copies of shared_x and hence destroy x
BOOST_CHECK(!weak_x.lock());

当我们不想拥有对象时:

Ex:

class A
{
    shared_ptr<int> sPtr1;
    weak_ptr<int> wPtr1;
}

在上面的类中，wPtr1并不拥有wPtr1所指向的资源。如果资源被删除，那么wPtr1将过期。

避免循环依赖:

shard_ptr<A> <----| shared_ptr<B> <------
    ^             |          ^          |
    |             |          |          |
    |             |          |          |
    |             |          |          |
    |             |          |          |
class A           |     class B         |
    |             |          |          |
    |             ------------          |
    |                                   |
    -------------------------------------

现在如果我们创建类B和A的shared_ptr, both指针的use_count是2。

当shared_ptr超出作用域时，计数仍然保持1，因此A和B对象不会被删除。

class B;

class A
{
    shared_ptr<B> sP1; // use weak_ptr instead to avoid CD

public:
    A() {  cout << "A()" << endl; }
    ~A() { cout << "~A()" << endl; }

    void setShared(shared_ptr<B>& p)
    {
        sP1 = p;
    }
};

class B
{
    shared_ptr<A> sP1;

public:
    B() {  cout << "B()" << endl; }
    ~B() { cout << "~B()" << endl; }

    void setShared(shared_ptr<A>& p)
    {
        sP1 = p;
    }
};

int main()
{
    shared_ptr<A> aPtr(new A);
    shared_ptr<B> bPtr(new B);

    aPtr->setShared(bPtr);
    bPtr->setShared(aPtr);

    return 0;  
}

输出:

A()
B()

正如我们从输出中看到的，A和B指针永远不会被删除，从而导致内存泄漏。

为了避免这样的问题，只需在类A中使用weak_ptr而不是shared_ptr，这更有意义。

受到@offirmo回复的启发，我写了这段代码，然后运行visual studio诊断工具:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <memory>

using namespace std;

struct Member;
struct Team;

struct Member {
    int x = 0;

    Member(int xArg) {
        x = xArg;
    }

    shared_ptr<Team> teamPointer;
};

struct Team {
    vector<shared_ptr<Member>> members;
};

void foo() {
    auto t1 = make_shared<Team>();
    for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
        t1->members.push_back(make_shared<Member>(i));
        t1->members.back()->teamPointer = t1;
    }
}

int main() {
    foo();

    while (1);

    return 0;
}

当指向团队的成员指针是shared_ptr teamPointer时，在foo()完成后内存就没有空闲了，即它停留在150mb左右。

但是如果在诊断工具中将其更改为weak_ptr teamPointer，您将看到一个峰值，然后内存使用量恢复到大约2MB。

在使用指针时，重要的是要了解可用的不同类型的指针，以及何时使用每种指针是有意义的。指针分为以下两类:

原始指针: 原始指针[即SomeClass* ptrToSomeClass = new SomeClass();］ 智能指针: 唯一指针[即std::unique_ptr<SomeClass> uniquePtrToSomeClass (new SomeClass());］ 共享指针[即std::shared_ptr<SomeClass> sharedPtrToSomeClass (new SomeClass());］ 弱指针[即std::weak_ptr<SomeClass> weakPtrToSomeWeakOrSharedPtr (weakOrSharedPtr);］

Raw pointers (sometimes referred to as "legacy pointers", or "C pointers") provide 'bare-bones' pointer behavior and are a common source of bugs and memory leaks. Raw pointers provide no means for keeping track of ownership of the resource and developers must call 'delete' manually to ensure they are not creating a memory leak. This becomes difficult if the resource is shared as it can be challenging to know whether any objects are still pointing to the resource. For these reasons, raw pointers should generally be avoided and only used in performance-critical sections of the code with limited scope.

Unique pointers are a basic smart pointer that 'owns' the underlying raw pointer to the resource and is responsible for calling delete and freeing the allocated memory once the object that 'owns' the unique pointer goes out of scope. The name 'unique' refers to the fact that only one object may 'own' the unique pointer at a given point in time. Ownership may be transferred to another object via the move command, but a unique pointer can never be copied or shared. For these reasons, unique pointers are a good alternative to raw pointers in the case that only one object needs the pointer at a given time, and this alleviates the developer from the need to free memory at the end of the owning object's lifecycle.

Shared pointers are another type of smart pointer that are similar to unique pointers, but allow for many objects to have ownership over the shared pointer. Like unique pointer, shared pointers are responsible for freeing the allocated memory once all objects are done pointing to the resource. It accomplishes this with a technique called reference counting. Each time a new object takes ownership of the shared pointer the reference count is incremented by one. Similarly, when an object goes out of scope or stops pointing to the resource, the reference count is decremented by one. When the reference count reaches zero, the allocated memory is freed. For these reasons, shared pointers are a very powerful type of smart pointer that should be used anytime multiple objects need to point to the same resource.

最后，弱指针是另一种类型的智能指针，它们不是直接指向资源，而是指向另一个指针(弱指针或共享指针)。弱指针不能直接访问对象，但它们可以判断对象是否仍然存在或是否已经过期。弱指针可以临时转换为共享指针以访问所指向的对象(前提是它仍然存在)。为了说明这一点，考虑下面的例子:

您很忙，会议A和会议B有重叠 你决定去开会A，而你的同事去开会B 你告诉你的同事，如果A会议结束后B会议还在进行，你也会加入 可能会出现以下两种情况: 会议A结束了，会议B还在进行，所以你加入了 会议A已经结束，会议B也已经结束，您不能加入

在本例中，您有一个指向会议B的弱指针。您不是会议B的“所有者”，因此会议B可以在没有您的情况下结束，并且您不知道它是否结束，除非您检查。如果它还没有结束，你可以加入和参与，否则，你不能。这与拥有一个指向会议B的共享指针不同，因为您将同时成为会议a和会议B的“所有者”(同时参与这两个会议)。

The example illustrates how a weak pointer works and is useful when an object needs to be an outside observer, but does not want the responsibility of sharing ownership. This is particularly useful in the scenario that two objects need to point to each other (a.k.a. a circular reference). With shared pointers, neither object can be released because they are still 'strongly' pointed to by the other object. When one of the pointers is a weak pointer, the object holding the weak pointer can still access the other object when needed, provided it still exists.